| 1 | r""" |
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| 2 | Rational Numbers |
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| 3 | |
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| 4 | AUTHORS: |
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| 5 | -- William Stein (2005): first version |
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| 6 | -- William Stein (2006-02-22): floor and ceil (pure fast GMP versions). |
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| 7 | -- Gonzalo Tornaria and William Stein (2006-03-02): greatly improved |
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| 8 | python/GMP conversion; hashing |
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| 9 | -- William Stein and Naqi Jaffery (2006-03-06): height, sqrt examples, |
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| 10 | and improve behavior of sqrt. |
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| 11 | -- David Harvey (2006-09-15): added nth_root |
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| 12 | -- Pablo De Napoli (2007-04-01): corrected the implementations of |
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| 13 | multiplicative_order, is_one; optimized __nonzero__ ; documented: lcm,gcd |
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| 14 | |
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| 15 | TESTS: |
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| 16 | sage: a = -2/3 |
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| 17 | sage: a == loads(dumps(a)) |
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| 18 | True |
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| 19 | |
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| 20 | |
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| 21 | """ |
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| 22 | |
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| 23 | |
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| 24 | ########################################################################### |
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| 25 | # Copyright (C) 2004, 2006 William Stein <wstein@gmail.com> |
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| 26 | # |
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| 27 | # Distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL) |
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| 28 | # http://www.gnu.org/licenses/ |
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| 29 | ########################################################################### |
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| 30 | |
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| 31 | include "../ext/interrupt.pxi" # ctrl-c interrupt block support |
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| 32 | include "../ext/gmp.pxi" |
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| 33 | include "../ext/stdsage.pxi" |
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| 34 | |
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| 35 | |
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| 36 | import operator |
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| 37 | |
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| 38 | from sage.misc.mathml import mathml |
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| 39 | |
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| 40 | import sage.misc.misc as misc |
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| 41 | import sage.rings.rational_field |
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| 42 | import sage.libs.pari.all |
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| 43 | |
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| 44 | cimport integer |
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| 45 | import integer |
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| 46 | |
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| 47 | from integer_ring import ZZ |
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| 48 | |
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| 49 | from sage.structure.element cimport Element, RingElement, ModuleElement |
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| 50 | from sage.structure.element import bin_op |
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| 51 | from sage.categories.morphism cimport Morphism |
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| 52 | |
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| 53 | import sage.rings.real_mpfr |
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| 54 | |
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| 55 | cimport sage.ext.arith |
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| 56 | import sage.ext.arith |
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| 57 | |
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| 58 | cdef sage.ext.arith.arith_int ai |
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| 59 | ai = sage.ext.arith.arith_int() |
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| 60 | |
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| 61 | import sys |
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| 62 | MAX_UNSIGNED_LONG = 2 * sys.maxint #TODO: this was copied from integer.pyx -- should this be defined somewhere more general? |
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| 63 | |
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| 64 | cdef extern from "mpz_pylong.h": |
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| 65 | cdef mpz_get_pylong(mpz_t src) |
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| 66 | cdef int mpz_set_pylong(mpz_t dst, src) except -1 |
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| 67 | cdef long mpz_pythonhash(mpz_t src) |
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| 68 | |
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| 69 | cdef class Rational(sage.structure.element.FieldElement) |
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| 70 | |
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| 71 | cdef public void set_from_mpq(Rational self, mpq_t value): |
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| 72 | mpq_set(self.value, value) |
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| 73 | |
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| 74 | cdef public void set_from_Rational(Rational self, Rational other): |
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| 75 | mpq_set(self.value, other.value) |
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| 76 | |
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| 77 | cdef public void set_from_Integer(Rational self, integer.Integer other): |
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| 78 | mpq_set_z(self.value, other.value) |
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| 79 | |
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| 80 | cdef object Rational_mul_(Rational a, Rational b): |
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| 81 | cdef Rational x |
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| 82 | x = <Rational> PY_NEW(Rational) |
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| 83 | |
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| 84 | _sig_on |
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| 85 | mpq_mul(x.value, a.value, b.value) |
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| 86 | _sig_off |
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| 87 | |
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| 88 | return x |
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| 89 | |
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| 90 | cdef object Rational_div_(Rational a, Rational b): |
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| 91 | cdef Rational x |
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| 92 | x = <Rational> PY_NEW(Rational) |
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| 93 | |
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| 94 | _sig_on |
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| 95 | mpq_div(x.value, a.value, b.value) |
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| 96 | _sig_off |
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| 97 | |
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| 98 | return x |
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| 99 | |
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| 100 | cdef Rational_add_(Rational self, Rational other): |
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| 101 | cdef Rational x |
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| 102 | x = <Rational> PY_NEW(Rational) |
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| 103 | _sig_on |
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| 104 | mpq_add(x.value, self.value, other.value) |
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| 105 | _sig_off |
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| 106 | return x |
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| 107 | |
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| 108 | cdef Rational_sub_(Rational self, Rational other): |
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| 109 | cdef Rational x |
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| 110 | x = <Rational> PY_NEW(Rational) |
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| 111 | |
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| 112 | _sig_on |
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| 113 | mpq_sub(x.value, self.value, other.value) |
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| 114 | _sig_off |
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| 115 | |
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| 116 | return x |
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| 117 | |
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| 118 | cdef object the_rational_ring |
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| 119 | the_rational_ring = sage.rings.rational_field.Q |
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| 120 | |
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| 121 | # make sure zero/one elements are set |
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| 122 | cdef set_zero_one_elements(): |
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| 123 | global the_rational_ring |
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| 124 | the_rational_ring._zero_element = Rational(0) |
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| 125 | the_rational_ring._one_element = Rational(1) |
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| 126 | |
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| 127 | set_zero_one_elements() |
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| 128 | |
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| 129 | cdef class Rational(sage.structure.element.FieldElement): |
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| 130 | """ |
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| 131 | A Rational number. |
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| 132 | |
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| 133 | Rational numbers are implemented using the GMP C library. |
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| 134 | |
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| 135 | EXAMPLES: |
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| 136 | sage: a = -2/3 |
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| 137 | sage: type(a) |
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| 138 | <type 'sage.rings.rational.Rational'> |
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| 139 | sage: parent(a) |
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| 140 | Rational Field |
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| 141 | sage: Rational('1/0') |
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| 142 | Traceback (most recent call last): |
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| 143 | ... |
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| 144 | TypeError: unable to convert 1/0 to a rational |
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| 145 | sage: Rational(1.5) |
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| 146 | 3/2 |
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| 147 | sage: Rational('9/6') |
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| 148 | 3/2 |
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| 149 | sage: Rational((2^99,2^100)) |
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| 150 | 1/2 |
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| 151 | sage: Rational(("2", "10"), 16) |
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| 152 | 1/8 |
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| 153 | |
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| 154 | """ |
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| 155 | def __new__(self, x=None, int base=0): |
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| 156 | global the_rational_ring |
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| 157 | mpq_init(self.value) |
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| 158 | self._parent = the_rational_ring |
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| 159 | |
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| 160 | def __init__(self, x=None, unsigned int base=0): |
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| 161 | if not (x is None): |
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| 162 | self.__set_value(x, base) |
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| 163 | |
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| 164 | def __reduce__(self): |
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| 165 | return sage.rings.rational.make_rational, (self.str(32),) |
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| 166 | |
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| 167 | def __index__(self): |
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| 168 | """ |
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| 169 | Needed so integers can be used as list indices. |
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| 170 | |
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| 171 | EXAMPLES: |
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| 172 | sage: v = [1,2,3,4,5] |
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| 173 | sage: v[3/1] |
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| 174 | 4 |
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| 175 | sage: v[3/2] |
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| 176 | Traceback (most recent call last): |
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| 177 | ... |
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| 178 | TypeError: rational is not an integer |
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| 179 | """ |
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| 180 | if self.denominator() == 1: |
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| 181 | return int(self) |
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| 182 | raise TypeError, "rational is not an integer" |
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| 183 | |
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| 184 | def _reduce_set(self, s): |
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| 185 | mpq_set_str(self.value, s, 32) |
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| 186 | |
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| 187 | def __set_value(self, x, unsigned int base): |
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| 188 | cdef int n |
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| 189 | cdef Rational temp_rational |
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| 190 | |
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| 191 | if isinstance(x, Rational): |
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| 192 | set_from_Rational(self, x) |
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| 193 | |
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| 194 | elif isinstance(x, int): |
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| 195 | i = x |
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| 196 | mpq_set_si(self.value, i, 1) |
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| 197 | |
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| 198 | elif isinstance(x, long): |
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| 199 | mpz_set_pylong(mpq_numref(self.value), x) |
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| 200 | |
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| 201 | elif isinstance(x, integer.Integer): |
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| 202 | set_from_Integer(self, x) |
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| 203 | |
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| 204 | elif isinstance(x, sage.rings.real_mpfr.RealNumber): |
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| 205 | |
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| 206 | if x == 0: |
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| 207 | mpq_set_si(self.value, 0, 1) |
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| 208 | return |
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| 209 | if not base: |
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| 210 | set_from_Rational(self, x.simplest_rational()) |
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| 211 | else: |
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| 212 | xstr = x.str(base) |
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| 213 | if '.' in xstr: |
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| 214 | exp = (len(xstr) - (xstr.index('.') +1)) |
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| 215 | p = base**exp |
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| 216 | pstr = '1'+'0'*exp |
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| 217 | s = xstr.replace('.','') +'/'+pstr |
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| 218 | n = mpq_set_str( self.value, s, base) |
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| 219 | if n or mpz_cmp_si(mpq_denref(self.value), 0) == 0: |
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| 220 | raise TypeError, "unable to convert %s to a rational"%x |
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| 221 | mpq_canonicalize(self.value) |
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| 222 | else: |
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| 223 | n = mpq_set_str(self.value, xstr, base) |
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| 224 | if n or mpz_cmp_si(mpq_denref(self.value), 0) == 0: |
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| 225 | raise TypeError, "unable to convert %s to a rational"%x |
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| 226 | mpq_canonicalize(self.value) |
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| 227 | |
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| 228 | elif isinstance(x, str): |
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| 229 | n = mpq_set_str(self.value, x, base) |
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| 230 | if n or mpz_cmp_si(mpq_denref(self.value), 0) == 0: |
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| 231 | raise TypeError, "unable to convert %s to a rational"%x |
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| 232 | mpq_canonicalize(self.value) |
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| 233 | |
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| 234 | elif hasattr(x, "_rational_"): |
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| 235 | set_from_Rational(self, x._rational_()) |
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| 236 | |
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| 237 | elif isinstance(x, tuple) and len(x) == 2: |
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| 238 | num = x[0] |
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| 239 | denom = x[1] |
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| 240 | if isinstance(num, int) and isinstance(denom, int): |
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| 241 | mpq_set_si(self.value, num, denom) |
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| 242 | else: |
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| 243 | if not isinstance(num, integer.Integer): |
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| 244 | num = integer.Integer(num, base) |
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| 245 | if not isinstance(denom, integer.Integer): |
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| 246 | denom = integer.Integer(denom, base) |
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| 247 | mpz_set(mpq_numref(self.value), (<integer.Integer>num).value) |
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| 248 | mpz_set(mpq_denref(self.value), (<integer.Integer>denom).value) |
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| 249 | if mpz_sgn(mpq_denref(self.value)) == 0: |
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| 250 | raise ValueError, "denominator must not be 0" |
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| 251 | mpq_canonicalize(self.value) |
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| 252 | |
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| 253 | elif isinstance(x, list) and len(x) == 1: |
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| 254 | self.__set_value(x[0], base) |
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| 255 | |
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| 256 | elif isinstance(x, sage.libs.pari.all.pari_gen): |
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| 257 | # TODO: figure out how to convert to pari integer in base 16 |
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| 258 | s = str(x) |
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| 259 | n = mpq_set_str(self.value, s, 0) |
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| 260 | if n or mpz_cmp_si(mpq_denref(self.value), 0) == 0: |
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| 261 | raise TypeError, "Unable to coerce %s (%s) to Rational"%(x,type(x)) |
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| 262 | |
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| 263 | elif hasattr(x, 'rational_reconstruction'): |
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| 264 | temp_rational = x.rational_reconstruction() |
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| 265 | mpq_set(self.value, temp_rational.value) |
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| 266 | |
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| 267 | else: |
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| 268 | |
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| 269 | raise TypeError, "Unable to coerce %s (%s) to Rational"%(x,type(x)) |
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| 270 | |
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| 271 | cdef void set_from_mpq(Rational self, mpq_t value): |
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| 272 | mpq_set(self.value, value) |
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| 273 | |
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| 274 | |
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| 275 | def list(self): |
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| 276 | """ |
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| 277 | Return a list with the rational element in it, to be |
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| 278 | compatible with the method for number fields. |
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| 279 | |
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| 280 | EXAMPLES: |
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| 281 | sage: m = 5/3 |
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| 282 | sage: m.list() |
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| 283 | [5/3] |
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| 284 | """ |
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| 285 | return [ self ] |
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| 286 | |
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| 287 | |
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| 288 | def __richcmp__(left, right, int op): |
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| 289 | """ |
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| 290 | EXAMPLES: |
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| 291 | sage: 1/3 < 2/3 |
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| 292 | True |
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| 293 | sage: 2/3 < 1/3 |
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| 294 | False |
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| 295 | sage: 4/5 < 2.0 |
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| 296 | True |
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| 297 | sage: 4/5 < 0.8 |
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| 298 | False |
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| 299 | """ |
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| 300 | return (<sage.structure.element.Element>left)._richcmp(right, op) |
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| 301 | |
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| 302 | cdef int _cmp_c_impl(left, sage.structure.element.Element right) except -2: |
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| 303 | cdef int i |
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| 304 | i = mpq_cmp((<Rational>left).value, (<Rational>right).value) |
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| 305 | if i < 0: return -1 |
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| 306 | elif i == 0: return 0 |
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| 307 | else: return 1 |
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| 308 | |
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| 309 | def copy(self): |
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| 310 | cdef Rational z |
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| 311 | z = <Rational> PY_NEW(Rational) |
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| 312 | mpq_set(z.value, self.value) |
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| 313 | return z |
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| 314 | |
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| 315 | def __dealloc__(self): |
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| 316 | mpq_clear(self.value) |
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| 317 | |
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| 318 | def __repr__(self): |
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| 319 | return self.str() |
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| 320 | |
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| 321 | def _latex_(self): |
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| 322 | if self.denom() == 1: |
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| 323 | return str(self.numer()) |
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| 324 | else: |
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| 325 | if self < 0: |
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| 326 | return "-\\frac{%s}{%s}"%(-self.numer(), self.denom()) |
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| 327 | else: |
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| 328 | return "\\frac{%s}{%s}"%(self.numer(), self.denom()) |
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| 329 | |
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| 330 | def _mathml_(self): |
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| 331 | if self.denom() == 1: |
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| 332 | return '<mn>%s</mn>'%(self.numer()) |
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| 333 | else: |
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| 334 | t = '' |
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| 335 | if self < 0: |
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| 336 | t = t + '<mo>-</mo>' |
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| 337 | t = t + '<mfrac><mrow>%s</mrow><mrow>%s</mrow></mfrac>'%( |
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| 338 | mathml(abs(self.numer())), mathml(self.denom())) |
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| 339 | return t |
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| 340 | |
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| 341 | def _im_gens_(self, codomain, im_gens): |
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| 342 | return codomain._coerce_(self) |
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| 343 | |
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| 344 | def lcm(self, Rational other): |
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| 345 | r""" |
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| 346 | Return the least common multiple of self and other. |
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| 347 | |
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| 348 | One way to define this notion is the following: |
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| 349 | |
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| 350 | Note that each rational positive rational number can be written |
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| 351 | as a product of primes with integer (positive or negative) |
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| 352 | powers in a unique way. |
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| 353 | |
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| 354 | Then, the LCM of two rational numbers x,y can be defined by |
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| 355 | specifying that the exponent of every prime p in lcm(x,y) |
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| 356 | is the supremum of the exponents of p in x, |
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| 357 | and the exponent of p in y |
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| 358 | (The primes that does not appear in the decomposition of x |
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| 359 | or y are considered to have exponent zero). |
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| 360 | |
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| 361 | This definition is consistent with the definition of the LCM |
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| 362 | in the rational integers. Our hopefully interesting notion of LCM |
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| 363 | for rational numbers is illustrated in the examples below. |
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| 364 | |
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| 365 | EXAMPLES: |
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| 366 | |
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| 367 | sage: lcm(2/3,1/5) |
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| 368 | 2 |
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| 369 | |
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| 370 | This is consistent with the definition above, since: |
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| 371 | $$ |
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| 372 | 2/3 = 2^1 * 3^{-1}*5^0 |
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| 373 | $$ |
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| 374 | $$ |
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| 375 | 1/5 = 2^0 * 3^0 *5^{-1} |
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| 376 | $$ |
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| 377 | and hence, |
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| 378 | $$ |
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| 379 | lcm(2/3,1/5)= 2^1*3^0*5^0 = 2. |
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| 380 | $$ |
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| 381 | |
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| 382 | sage: lcm(2/3,7/5) |
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| 383 | 14 |
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| 384 | |
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| 385 | In this example: |
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| 386 | $$ |
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| 387 | 2/3 = 2^1*3^{-1}*5^0 * 7^0 |
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| 388 | $$ |
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| 389 | $$ |
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| 390 | 7/5 = 2^0*3^0 *5^{-1} * 7^1 |
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| 391 | $$ |
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| 392 | $$ |
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| 393 | lcm(2/3,7/5) = 2^1*3^0*5^0*7^1 = 14 |
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| 394 | $$ |
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| 395 | |
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| 396 | sage: lcm(1/3,1/5) |
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| 397 | 1 |
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| 398 | |
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| 399 | In this example: |
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| 400 | $$ |
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| 401 | 1/3 = 3^{-1}*5^0 |
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| 402 | $$ |
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| 403 | $$ |
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| 404 | 1/5 = 3^0 * 5^{-1} |
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| 405 | $$ |
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| 406 | $$ |
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| 407 | lcm(1/3,1/5)=3^0*5^0=1 |
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| 408 | $$ |
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| 409 | |
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| 410 | sage: lcm(1/3,1/6) |
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| 411 | 1/3 |
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| 412 | |
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| 413 | In this example: |
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| 414 | $$ |
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| 415 | 1/3 = 2^0*3^{-1} |
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| 416 | $$ |
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| 417 | $$ |
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| 418 | 1/6 = 2^{-1}*3^{-1} |
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| 419 | $$ |
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| 420 | $$ |
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| 421 | lcm(1/3,1/6)=2^0*3^{-1}=1/3 |
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| 422 | $$ |
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| 423 | """ |
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| 424 | d = self.denom()*other.denom() |
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| 425 | self_d = self.numer()*other.denom() |
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| 426 | other_d = other.numer()*self.denom() |
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| 427 | return self_d.lcm(other_d) / d |
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| 428 | |
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| 429 | def gcd(self, Rational other): |
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| 430 | """ |
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| 431 | Return the least common multiple of self and other. |
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| 432 | |
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| 433 | One way to define this notion is the following: |
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| 434 | |
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| 435 | Note that each rational positive rational number can be written |
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| 436 | as a product of primes with integer (positive or negative) |
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| 437 | powers in a unique way. |
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| 438 | |
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| 439 | Then, the GCD of two rational numbers x,y can be defined by |
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| 440 | specifying that the exponent of every prime p in gcd(x,y) is |
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| 441 | the infimum of the exponents of p in x, |
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| 442 | and the exponent of p in y |
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| 443 | (The primes that does not appear in the decomposition of x or y |
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| 444 | are considered to have exponent zero). |
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| 445 | |
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| 446 | This definition is consistent with the definition of the GCD |
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| 447 | in the rational integers. Our hopefully interesting notion of GCD |
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| 448 | for rational numbers is illustrated in the examples below. |
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| 449 | |
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| 450 | EXAMPLES: |
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| 451 | |
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| 452 | sage: gcd(2/3,1/5) |
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| 453 | 1/15 |
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| 454 | |
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| 455 | This is consistent with the definition above, since: |
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| 456 | $$ |
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| 457 | 2/3 = 2^1 * 3^{-1}*5^0 |
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| 458 | $$ |
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| 459 | $$ |
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| 460 | 1/5 = 2^0 * 3^0 *5^{-1} |
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| 461 | $$ |
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| 462 | and hence, |
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| 463 | $$ |
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| 464 | gcd(2/3,1/5)= 2^0*3^{-1}*5^{-1} = 1/15 |
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| 465 | $$ |
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| 466 | |
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| 467 | sage: gcd(2/3,7/5) |
|---|
| 468 | 1/15 |
|---|
| 469 | |
|---|
| 470 | In this example: |
|---|
| 471 | $$ |
|---|
| 472 | 2/3 = 2^1*3^{-1}*5^0 * 7^0 |
|---|
| 473 | $$ |
|---|
| 474 | $$ |
|---|
| 475 | 7/5 = 2^0*3^0 *5^{-1} * 7^1 |
|---|
| 476 | $$ |
|---|
| 477 | $$ |
|---|
| 478 | gcd(2/3,7/5) = 2^0*3^{-1}*5^{-1}*7^0 = 1/15 |
|---|
| 479 | $$ |
|---|
| 480 | |
|---|
| 481 | sage: gcd(1/3,1/6) |
|---|
| 482 | 1/6 |
|---|
| 483 | |
|---|
| 484 | In this example: |
|---|
| 485 | $$ |
|---|
| 486 | 1/3 = 2^0*3^{-1} |
|---|
| 487 | $$ |
|---|
| 488 | $$ |
|---|
| 489 | 1/6 = 2^{-1}*3^{-1} |
|---|
| 490 | $$ |
|---|
| 491 | $$ |
|---|
| 492 | gcd(1/3,1/6)=2^{-1}*3^{-1}=1/6 |
|---|
| 493 | $$ |
|---|
| 494 | |
|---|
| 495 | sage: gcd(6/7,9/7) |
|---|
| 496 | 3/7 |
|---|
| 497 | |
|---|
| 498 | In this example: |
|---|
| 499 | $$ |
|---|
| 500 | 6/7 = 2^1*3^1*7^{-1} |
|---|
| 501 | $$ |
|---|
| 502 | $$ |
|---|
| 503 | 9/7 = 2^0*3^2*7^{-1} |
|---|
| 504 | $$ |
|---|
| 505 | $$ |
|---|
| 506 | gcd(6/7,9/7)=2^0*3^1*7^{-1}=3/7 |
|---|
| 507 | $$ |
|---|
| 508 | """ |
|---|
| 509 | d = self.denom()*other.denom() |
|---|
| 510 | self_d = self.numer()*other.denom() |
|---|
| 511 | other_d = other.numer()*self.denom() |
|---|
| 512 | return self_d.gcd(other_d) / d |
|---|
| 513 | |
|---|
| 514 | def valuation(self, p): |
|---|
| 515 | return self.numerator().valuation(p) - self.denominator().valuation(p) |
|---|
| 516 | |
|---|
| 517 | def is_square(self): |
|---|
| 518 | """ |
|---|
| 519 | EXAMPLES: |
|---|
| 520 | sage: x = 9/4 |
|---|
| 521 | sage: x.is_square() |
|---|
| 522 | True |
|---|
| 523 | sage: x = (7/53)^100 |
|---|
| 524 | sage: x.is_square() |
|---|
| 525 | True |
|---|
| 526 | sage: x = 4/3 |
|---|
| 527 | sage: x.is_square() |
|---|
| 528 | False |
|---|
| 529 | sage: x = -1/4 |
|---|
| 530 | sage: x.is_square() |
|---|
| 531 | False |
|---|
| 532 | """ |
|---|
| 533 | return mpq_sgn(self.value) >= 0 and mpz_perfect_square_p(mpq_numref(self.value)) and mpz_perfect_square_p(mpq_denref(self.value)) |
|---|
| 534 | |
|---|
| 535 | def sqrt_approx(self, prec=None, all=False): |
|---|
| 536 | """ |
|---|
| 537 | EXAMPLES: |
|---|
| 538 | sage: (5/3).sqrt_approx() |
|---|
| 539 | 1.29099444873581 |
|---|
| 540 | sage: (990829038092384908234098239048230984/4).sqrt_approx() |
|---|
| 541 | 497701978620837137.47374920870362581922510725585130996993055116540856385 |
|---|
| 542 | sage: (5/3).sqrt_approx(prec=200) |
|---|
| 543 | 1.2909944487358056283930884665941332036109739017638636088625 |
|---|
| 544 | sage: (9/4).sqrt_approx() |
|---|
| 545 | 3/2 |
|---|
| 546 | """ |
|---|
| 547 | try: |
|---|
| 548 | return self.sqrt(extend=False,all=all) |
|---|
| 549 | except ValueError: |
|---|
| 550 | pass |
|---|
| 551 | if prec is None: |
|---|
| 552 | prec = max(max(53, 2*(mpz_sizeinbase(mpq_numref(self.value), 2)+2)), |
|---|
| 553 | 2*(mpz_sizeinbase(mpq_denref(self.value), 2)+2)) |
|---|
| 554 | return self.sqrt(prec=prec, all=all) |
|---|
| 555 | |
|---|
| 556 | def val_unit(self, p): |
|---|
| 557 | r""" |
|---|
| 558 | Returns a pair: the p-adic valuation of self, and the p-adic |
|---|
| 559 | unit of self, as a Rational. |
|---|
| 560 | |
|---|
| 561 | We do not require the p be prime, but it must be at least 2. |
|---|
| 562 | For more documentation see \code{Integer.val_unit} |
|---|
| 563 | |
|---|
| 564 | AUTHOR: |
|---|
| 565 | -- David Roe (4/12/07) |
|---|
| 566 | """ |
|---|
| 567 | return self._val_unit(p) |
|---|
| 568 | |
|---|
| 569 | cdef _val_unit(Rational self, integer.Integer p): |
|---|
| 570 | cdef integer.Integer v |
|---|
| 571 | cdef Rational u |
|---|
| 572 | if mpz_cmp_ui(p.value, 2) < 0: |
|---|
| 573 | raise ValueError, "p must be at least 2." |
|---|
| 574 | if mpq_sgn(self.value) == 0: |
|---|
| 575 | import sage.rings.infinity |
|---|
| 576 | u = PY_NEW(Rational) |
|---|
| 577 | mpq_set_ui(u.value, 1, 1) |
|---|
| 578 | return (sage.rings.infinity.infinity, u) |
|---|
| 579 | v = PY_NEW(integer.Integer) |
|---|
| 580 | u = PY_NEW(Rational) |
|---|
| 581 | _sig_on |
|---|
| 582 | mpz_set_ui(v.value, mpz_remove(mpq_numref(u.value), mpq_numref(self.value), p.value)) |
|---|
| 583 | _sig_off |
|---|
| 584 | if mpz_sgn(v.value) != 0: |
|---|
| 585 | mpz_set(mpq_denref(u.value), mpq_denref(self.value)) |
|---|
| 586 | else: |
|---|
| 587 | _sig_on |
|---|
| 588 | mpz_set_ui(v.value, mpz_remove(mpq_denref(u.value), mpq_denref(self.value), p.value)) |
|---|
| 589 | _sig_off |
|---|
| 590 | mpz_neg(v.value, v.value) |
|---|
| 591 | return (v, u) |
|---|
| 592 | |
|---|
| 593 | def sqrt(self, prec=None, extend=True, all=False): |
|---|
| 594 | r""" |
|---|
| 595 | The square root function. |
|---|
| 596 | |
|---|
| 597 | INPUT: |
|---|
| 598 | prec -- integer (default: None): if None, returns an exact |
|---|
| 599 | square root; otherwise returns a numerical square |
|---|
| 600 | root if necessary, to the given bits of precision. |
|---|
| 601 | extend -- bool (default: True); if True, return a square |
|---|
| 602 | root in an extension ring, if necessary. Otherwise, |
|---|
| 603 | raise a ValueError if the square is not in the base |
|---|
| 604 | ring. |
|---|
| 605 | all -- bool (default: False); if True, return all square |
|---|
| 606 | roots of self, instead of just one. |
|---|
| 607 | |
|---|
| 608 | EXAMPLES: |
|---|
| 609 | sage: x = 25/9 |
|---|
| 610 | sage: x.sqrt() |
|---|
| 611 | 5/3 |
|---|
| 612 | sage: x = 64/4 |
|---|
| 613 | sage: x.sqrt() |
|---|
| 614 | 4 |
|---|
| 615 | sage: x = 100/1 |
|---|
| 616 | sage: x.sqrt() |
|---|
| 617 | 10 |
|---|
| 618 | sage: x.sqrt(all=True) |
|---|
| 619 | [10, -10] |
|---|
| 620 | sage: x = 81/5 |
|---|
| 621 | sage: x.sqrt() |
|---|
| 622 | 9/sqrt(5) |
|---|
| 623 | sage: x = -81/3 |
|---|
| 624 | sage: x.sqrt() |
|---|
| 625 | 3*sqrt(3)*I |
|---|
| 626 | |
|---|
| 627 | sage: n = 2/3 |
|---|
| 628 | sage: n.sqrt() |
|---|
| 629 | sqrt(2)/sqrt(3) |
|---|
| 630 | sage: n.sqrt(prec=10) |
|---|
| 631 | 0.82 |
|---|
| 632 | sage: n.sqrt(prec=100) |
|---|
| 633 | 0.81649658092772603273242802490 |
|---|
| 634 | sage: n.sqrt(prec=100)^2 |
|---|
| 635 | 0.66666666666666666666666666667 |
|---|
| 636 | sage: n.sqrt(prec=53, all=True) |
|---|
| 637 | [0.816496580927726, -0.816496580927726] |
|---|
| 638 | sage: n.sqrt(extend=False, all=True) |
|---|
| 639 | Traceback (most recent call last): |
|---|
| 640 | ... |
|---|
| 641 | ValueError: square root of 2/3 not a rational number |
|---|
| 642 | sage: sqrt(-2/3, all=True) |
|---|
| 643 | [sqrt(2)*I/sqrt(3), -sqrt(2)*I/sqrt(3)] |
|---|
| 644 | sage: sqrt(-2/3, prec=53) |
|---|
| 645 | 0.816496580927726*I |
|---|
| 646 | sage: sqrt(-2/3, prec=53, all=True) |
|---|
| 647 | [0.816496580927726*I, -0.816496580927726*I] |
|---|
| 648 | |
|---|
| 649 | AUTHOR: |
|---|
| 650 | -- Naqi Jaffery (2006-03-05): some examples |
|---|
| 651 | """ |
|---|
| 652 | if mpq_sgn(self.value) == 0: |
|---|
| 653 | return [self] if all else self |
|---|
| 654 | |
|---|
| 655 | if mpq_sgn(self.value) < 0: |
|---|
| 656 | if not extend: |
|---|
| 657 | raise ValueError, "square root of negative number not rational" |
|---|
| 658 | if prec: |
|---|
| 659 | from sage.rings.complex_field import ComplexField |
|---|
| 660 | K = ComplexField(prec) |
|---|
| 661 | return K(self).sqrt(all=all) |
|---|
| 662 | from sage.calculus.calculus import sqrt |
|---|
| 663 | return sqrt(self, all=all) |
|---|
| 664 | |
|---|
| 665 | cdef Rational z = <Rational> PY_NEW(Rational) |
|---|
| 666 | cdef mpz_t tmp |
|---|
| 667 | cdef int non_square = 0 |
|---|
| 668 | |
|---|
| 669 | _sig_on |
|---|
| 670 | mpz_init(tmp) |
|---|
| 671 | mpz_sqrtrem(mpq_numref(z.value), tmp, mpq_numref(self.value)) |
|---|
| 672 | if mpz_sgn(tmp) != 0: |
|---|
| 673 | non_square = 1 |
|---|
| 674 | else: |
|---|
| 675 | mpz_sqrtrem(mpq_denref(z.value), tmp, mpq_denref(self.value)) |
|---|
| 676 | if mpz_sgn(tmp) != 0: |
|---|
| 677 | non_square = 1 |
|---|
| 678 | mpz_clear(tmp) |
|---|
| 679 | _sig_off |
|---|
| 680 | |
|---|
| 681 | if non_square: |
|---|
| 682 | if not extend: |
|---|
| 683 | raise ValueError, "square root of %s not a rational number"%self |
|---|
| 684 | if prec: |
|---|
| 685 | from sage.rings.real_mpfr import RealField |
|---|
| 686 | K = RealField(prec) |
|---|
| 687 | return K(self).sqrt(all=all) |
|---|
| 688 | from sage.calculus.calculus import sqrt |
|---|
| 689 | return sqrt(self, all=all) |
|---|
| 690 | if all: |
|---|
| 691 | return [z, -z] |
|---|
| 692 | return z |
|---|
| 693 | |
|---|
| 694 | def period(self): |
|---|
| 695 | r""" |
|---|
| 696 | Return the period of the repeating part of the decimal |
|---|
| 697 | expansion of this rational number. |
|---|
| 698 | |
|---|
| 699 | ALGORITHM: When a rational number $n/d$ with $(n,d)==1$ is |
|---|
| 700 | expanded, the period begins after $s$ terms and has length |
|---|
| 701 | $t$, where $s$ and $t$ are the smallest numbers satisfying |
|---|
| 702 | $10^s=10^(s+t) (mod d)$. When $d$ is coprime to 10, this |
|---|
| 703 | becomes a purely periodic decimal with $10^t=1 (mod d)$. |
|---|
| 704 | (Lehmer 1941 and Mathworld). |
|---|
| 705 | |
|---|
| 706 | EXAMPLES: |
|---|
| 707 | sage: (1/7).period() |
|---|
| 708 | 6 |
|---|
| 709 | sage: RR(1/7) |
|---|
| 710 | 0.142857142857143 |
|---|
| 711 | sage: (1/8).period() |
|---|
| 712 | 1 |
|---|
| 713 | sage: RR(1/8) |
|---|
| 714 | 0.125000000000000 |
|---|
| 715 | sage: RR(1/6) |
|---|
| 716 | 0.166666666666667 |
|---|
| 717 | sage: (1/6).period() |
|---|
| 718 | 1 |
|---|
| 719 | sage: x = 333/106 |
|---|
| 720 | sage: x.period() |
|---|
| 721 | 13 |
|---|
| 722 | sage: RealField(200)(x) |
|---|
| 723 | 3.1415094339622641509433962264150943396226415094339622641509 |
|---|
| 724 | """ |
|---|
| 725 | cdef unsigned int alpha, beta |
|---|
| 726 | d = self.denominator() |
|---|
| 727 | alpha = d.valuation(2) |
|---|
| 728 | beta = d.valuation(5) |
|---|
| 729 | P = d.parent() |
|---|
| 730 | if alpha > 0 or beta > 0: |
|---|
| 731 | d = d//(P(2)**alpha * P(5)**beta) |
|---|
| 732 | from sage.rings.integer_mod import Mod |
|---|
| 733 | a = Mod(P(10),d) |
|---|
| 734 | return a.multiplicative_order() |
|---|
| 735 | |
|---|
| 736 | def nth_root(self, int n): |
|---|
| 737 | r""" |
|---|
| 738 | Computes the nth root of self, or raises a \exception{ValueError} |
|---|
| 739 | if self is not a perfect nth power. |
|---|
| 740 | |
|---|
| 741 | INPUT: |
|---|
| 742 | n -- integer (must fit in C int type) |
|---|
| 743 | |
|---|
| 744 | AUTHOR: |
|---|
| 745 | -- David Harvey (2006-09-15) |
|---|
| 746 | |
|---|
| 747 | EXAMPLES: |
|---|
| 748 | sage: (25/4).nth_root(2) |
|---|
| 749 | 5/2 |
|---|
| 750 | sage: (125/8).nth_root(3) |
|---|
| 751 | 5/2 |
|---|
| 752 | sage: (-125/8).nth_root(3) |
|---|
| 753 | -5/2 |
|---|
| 754 | sage: (25/4).nth_root(-2) |
|---|
| 755 | 2/5 |
|---|
| 756 | |
|---|
| 757 | sage: (9/2).nth_root(2) |
|---|
| 758 | Traceback (most recent call last): |
|---|
| 759 | ... |
|---|
| 760 | ValueError: not a perfect nth power |
|---|
| 761 | |
|---|
| 762 | sage: (-25/4).nth_root(2) |
|---|
| 763 | Traceback (most recent call last): |
|---|
| 764 | ... |
|---|
| 765 | ValueError: cannot take even root of negative number |
|---|
| 766 | |
|---|
| 767 | """ |
|---|
| 768 | # TODO -- this could be quicker, by using GMP directly. |
|---|
| 769 | cdef integer.Integer num |
|---|
| 770 | cdef integer.Integer den |
|---|
| 771 | cdef int negative |
|---|
| 772 | |
|---|
| 773 | if n > 0: |
|---|
| 774 | negative = 0 |
|---|
| 775 | elif n < 0: |
|---|
| 776 | n = -n |
|---|
| 777 | negative = 1 |
|---|
| 778 | else: |
|---|
| 779 | raise ValueError, "n cannot be zero" |
|---|
| 780 | |
|---|
| 781 | num, exact = self.numerator().nth_root(n, 1) |
|---|
| 782 | if not exact: |
|---|
| 783 | raise ValueError, "not a perfect nth power" |
|---|
| 784 | |
|---|
| 785 | den, exact = self.denominator().nth_root(n, 1) |
|---|
| 786 | if not exact: |
|---|
| 787 | raise ValueError, "not a perfect nth power" |
|---|
| 788 | |
|---|
| 789 | if negative: |
|---|
| 790 | return den / num |
|---|
| 791 | else: |
|---|
| 792 | return num / den |
|---|
| 793 | |
|---|
| 794 | |
|---|
| 795 | def str(self, int base=10): |
|---|
| 796 | if base < 2 or base > 36: |
|---|
| 797 | raise ValueError, "base (=%s) must be between 2 and 36"%base |
|---|
| 798 | cdef size_t n |
|---|
| 799 | cdef char *s |
|---|
| 800 | |
|---|
| 801 | n = mpz_sizeinbase (mpq_numref(self.value), base) \ |
|---|
| 802 | + mpz_sizeinbase (mpq_denref(self.value), base) + 3 |
|---|
| 803 | s = <char *>PyMem_Malloc(n) |
|---|
| 804 | if s == NULL: |
|---|
| 805 | raise MemoryError, "Unable to allocate enough memory for the string representation of an integer." |
|---|
| 806 | |
|---|
| 807 | _sig_on |
|---|
| 808 | mpq_get_str(s, base, self.value) |
|---|
| 809 | _sig_off |
|---|
| 810 | k = <object> PyString_FromString(s) |
|---|
| 811 | PyMem_Free(s) |
|---|
| 812 | return k |
|---|
| 813 | |
|---|
| 814 | def __float__(self): |
|---|
| 815 | return mpq_get_d(self.value) |
|---|
| 816 | |
|---|
| 817 | def __hash__(self): |
|---|
| 818 | cdef long n, d |
|---|
| 819 | n = mpz_pythonhash(mpq_numref(self.value)) |
|---|
| 820 | d = mpz_pythonhash(mpq_denref(self.value)) |
|---|
| 821 | if d == 1: |
|---|
| 822 | return n |
|---|
| 823 | n = n ^ d |
|---|
| 824 | if n == -1: |
|---|
| 825 | return -2 |
|---|
| 826 | return n |
|---|
| 827 | |
|---|
| 828 | ## cdef char *s |
|---|
| 829 | ## cdef int h |
|---|
| 830 | |
|---|
| 831 | ## s = mpz_get_str(NULL, 16, mpq_numref(self.value)) |
|---|
| 832 | ## h = hash(long(s,16)) |
|---|
| 833 | ## free(s) |
|---|
| 834 | ## if mpz_cmp_si(mpq_denref(self.value), 1) == 0: |
|---|
| 835 | ## return h |
|---|
| 836 | ## else: |
|---|
| 837 | ## s = mpz_get_str(NULL, 16, mpq_denref(self.value)) |
|---|
| 838 | ## h = h ^ hash(long(s,16)) # xor |
|---|
| 839 | ## if h == -1: # -1 is not a valid return value |
|---|
| 840 | ## h = -2 |
|---|
| 841 | ## free(s) |
|---|
| 842 | ## return h |
|---|
| 843 | |
|---|
| 844 | #cdef int n |
|---|
| 845 | #n = mpz_get_si(mpq_numref(self.value)) * \ |
|---|
| 846 | # mpz_get_si(mpq_denref(self.value)) |
|---|
| 847 | #if n == -1: |
|---|
| 848 | # return -2 # since -1 is not an allowed Python hash for C ext -- it's an error indicator. |
|---|
| 849 | |
|---|
| 850 | |
|---|
| 851 | def __getitem__(self, int n): |
|---|
| 852 | if n == 0: |
|---|
| 853 | return self |
|---|
| 854 | raise IndexError, "index n (=%s) out of range; it must be 0"%n |
|---|
| 855 | |
|---|
| 856 | def set_si(self, signed long int n): |
|---|
| 857 | mpq_set_si(self.value, n, 1) |
|---|
| 858 | |
|---|
| 859 | def set_str(self, s, base=10): |
|---|
| 860 | valid = mpq_set_str(self.value, s, base) |
|---|
| 861 | if valid != 0 or mpz_cmp_si(mpq_denref(self.value), 0) == 0: |
|---|
| 862 | mpq_set_si(self.value, 0, 1) # so data is valid -- but don't waste time making backup. |
|---|
| 863 | raise ValueError, "invalid literal (%s); object set to 0"%s |
|---|
| 864 | mpq_canonicalize(self.value) |
|---|
| 865 | |
|---|
| 866 | ################################################################ |
|---|
| 867 | # Optimized arithmetic |
|---|
| 868 | ################################################################ |
|---|
| 869 | cdef ModuleElement _add_c_impl(self, ModuleElement right): |
|---|
| 870 | cdef Rational x |
|---|
| 871 | x = <Rational> PY_NEW(Rational) |
|---|
| 872 | mpq_add(x.value, self.value, (<Rational>right).value) |
|---|
| 873 | return x |
|---|
| 874 | |
|---|
| 875 | cdef ModuleElement _sub_c_impl(self, ModuleElement right): |
|---|
| 876 | # self and right are guaranteed to be Integers |
|---|
| 877 | cdef Rational x |
|---|
| 878 | x = <Rational> PY_NEW(Rational) |
|---|
| 879 | mpq_sub(x.value, self.value, (<Rational>right).value) |
|---|
| 880 | return x |
|---|
| 881 | |
|---|
| 882 | cdef ModuleElement _neg_c_impl(self): |
|---|
| 883 | cdef Rational x |
|---|
| 884 | x = <Rational> PY_NEW(Rational) |
|---|
| 885 | mpq_neg(x.value, self.value) |
|---|
| 886 | return x |
|---|
| 887 | |
|---|
| 888 | cdef RingElement _mul_c_impl(self, RingElement right): |
|---|
| 889 | cdef Rational x |
|---|
| 890 | x = <Rational> PY_NEW(Rational) |
|---|
| 891 | if mpz_sizeinbase (mpq_numref(self.value), 2) > 100000 or \ |
|---|
| 892 | mpz_sizeinbase (mpq_denref(self.value), 2) > 100000: |
|---|
| 893 | # We only use the signal handler (to enable ctrl-c out) in case |
|---|
| 894 | # self is huge, so the product might actually take a while to compute. |
|---|
| 895 | _sig_on |
|---|
| 896 | mpq_mul(x.value, self.value, (<Rational>right).value) |
|---|
| 897 | _sig_off |
|---|
| 898 | else: |
|---|
| 899 | mpq_mul(x.value, self.value, (<Rational>right).value) |
|---|
| 900 | return x |
|---|
| 901 | |
|---|
| 902 | cdef RingElement _div_c_impl(self, RingElement right): |
|---|
| 903 | """ |
|---|
| 904 | EXAMPLES: |
|---|
| 905 | sage: 2/3 |
|---|
| 906 | 2/3 |
|---|
| 907 | sage: 3/0 |
|---|
| 908 | Traceback (most recent call last): |
|---|
| 909 | ... |
|---|
| 910 | ZeroDivisionError: Rational division by zero |
|---|
| 911 | """ |
|---|
| 912 | if mpq_cmp_si((<Rational> right).value, 0, 1) == 0: |
|---|
| 913 | raise ZeroDivisionError, "Rational division by zero" |
|---|
| 914 | cdef Rational x |
|---|
| 915 | x = <Rational> PY_NEW(Rational) |
|---|
| 916 | mpq_div(x.value, self.value, (<Rational>right).value) |
|---|
| 917 | return x |
|---|
| 918 | |
|---|
| 919 | ################################################################ |
|---|
| 920 | # Other arithmetic operations. |
|---|
| 921 | ################################################################ |
|---|
| 922 | |
|---|
| 923 | def __invert__(self): |
|---|
| 924 | if self.is_zero(): |
|---|
| 925 | raise ZeroDivisionError, "rational division by zero" |
|---|
| 926 | cdef Rational x |
|---|
| 927 | x = <Rational> PY_NEW(Rational) |
|---|
| 928 | mpq_inv(x.value, self.value) |
|---|
| 929 | return x |
|---|
| 930 | |
|---|
| 931 | def __pow__(self, n, dummy): |
|---|
| 932 | """ |
|---|
| 933 | Raise self to the integer power n. |
|---|
| 934 | |
|---|
| 935 | EXAMPLES: |
|---|
| 936 | sage: (2/3)^5 |
|---|
| 937 | 32/243 |
|---|
| 938 | sage: (-1/1)^(1/3) |
|---|
| 939 | -1 |
|---|
| 940 | |
|---|
| 941 | We raise to some interesting powers: |
|---|
| 942 | sage: (2/3)^I |
|---|
| 943 | 2^I/3^I |
|---|
| 944 | sage: (2/3)^sqrt(2) |
|---|
| 945 | 2^sqrt(2)/3^sqrt(2) |
|---|
| 946 | sage: x,y,z,n = var('x,y,z,n') |
|---|
| 947 | sage: (2/3)^(x^n + y^n + z^n) |
|---|
| 948 | 3^(-z^n - y^n - x^n)*2^(z^n + y^n + x^n) |
|---|
| 949 | sage: (-7/11)^(tan(x)+exp(x)) |
|---|
| 950 | 11^(-tan(x) - e^x)*-7^(tan(x) + e^x) |
|---|
| 951 | sage: (2/3)^(3/4) |
|---|
| 952 | 2^(3/4)/3^(3/4) |
|---|
| 953 | sage: (-1/3)^0 |
|---|
| 954 | 1 |
|---|
| 955 | sage: (0/1)^0 |
|---|
| 956 | Traceback (most recent call last): |
|---|
| 957 | ... |
|---|
| 958 | ArithmeticError: 0^0 is undefined. |
|---|
| 959 | sage: s = (1/2)^(2^100) |
|---|
| 960 | Traceback (most recent call last): |
|---|
| 961 | ... |
|---|
| 962 | RuntimeError: exponent must be at most 4294967294 # 32-bit |
|---|
| 963 | RuntimeError: exponent must be at most 18446744073709551614 # 64-bit |
|---|
| 964 | sage: s = (1/2)^(-2^100) |
|---|
| 965 | Traceback (most recent call last): |
|---|
| 966 | ... |
|---|
| 967 | RuntimeError: exponent must be at most 4294967294 # 32-bit |
|---|
| 968 | RuntimeError: exponent must be at most 18446744073709551614 # 64-bit |
|---|
| 969 | """ |
|---|
| 970 | cdef Rational _self = self |
|---|
| 971 | cdef unsigned long _n |
|---|
| 972 | |
|---|
| 973 | if not PY_TYPE_CHECK(self, Rational): #this is here for no good reason apparent to me... should be removed in the future. |
|---|
| 974 | assert False, "BUG: Rational.__pow__ called on a non-Rational" |
|---|
| 975 | return self.__pow__(float(n)) #whose idea was it to float(n)? |
|---|
| 976 | |
|---|
| 977 | try: |
|---|
| 978 | _n = n = PyNumber_Index(n) |
|---|
| 979 | except TypeError: |
|---|
| 980 | if PY_TYPE_CHECK(n, Rational): |
|---|
| 981 | # this is the only sensible answer that avoids rounding and |
|---|
| 982 | # an infinite recursion. |
|---|
| 983 | from sage.calculus.calculus import SR |
|---|
| 984 | return SR(self)**SR(n) |
|---|
| 985 | if PY_TYPE_CHECK(n, Element): |
|---|
| 986 | return (<Element>n)._parent(self)**n |
|---|
| 987 | try: |
|---|
| 988 | return n.parent()(self)**n |
|---|
| 989 | except AttributeError: |
|---|
| 990 | try: |
|---|
| 991 | return type(n)(self)**n |
|---|
| 992 | except: |
|---|
| 993 | raise TypeError, "exponent (=%s) must be an integer.\nCoerce your numbers to real or complex numbers first."%n |
|---|
| 994 | |
|---|
| 995 | if PY_TYPE(n) != <void*>int or n > MAX_UNSIGNED_LONG or -n > MAX_UNSIGNED_LONG: |
|---|
| 996 | raise RuntimeError, "exponent must be at most %s"%MAX_UNSIGNED_LONG |
|---|
| 997 | |
|---|
| 998 | cdef Rational x = <Rational> PY_NEW(Rational) |
|---|
| 999 | |
|---|
| 1000 | if not _n: |
|---|
| 1001 | if not mpq_sgn(_self.value): |
|---|
| 1002 | raise ArithmeticError, "0^0 is undefined." |
|---|
| 1003 | else: |
|---|
| 1004 | mpq_set_si(x.value, 1, 1) |
|---|
| 1005 | return x |
|---|
| 1006 | |
|---|
| 1007 | cdef mpz_t num, den |
|---|
| 1008 | |
|---|
| 1009 | _sig_on |
|---|
| 1010 | mpz_init(num) |
|---|
| 1011 | mpz_init(den) |
|---|
| 1012 | if n < 0: # we used to call (self**(-n)).__invert__()) -- this should be loads faster |
|---|
| 1013 | _n = PyNumber_Index(-n) |
|---|
| 1014 | mpz_pow_ui(den, mpq_numref(_self.value), _n) #we switch den and num to invert |
|---|
| 1015 | mpz_pow_ui(num, mpq_denref(_self.value), _n) |
|---|
| 1016 | else: |
|---|
| 1017 | mpz_pow_ui(num, mpq_numref(_self.value), _n) |
|---|
| 1018 | mpz_pow_ui(den, mpq_denref(_self.value), _n) |
|---|
| 1019 | mpq_set_num(x.value, num) |
|---|
| 1020 | mpq_set_den(x.value, den) |
|---|
| 1021 | mpz_clear(num) |
|---|
| 1022 | mpz_clear(den) |
|---|
| 1023 | _sig_off |
|---|
| 1024 | |
|---|
| 1025 | return x |
|---|
| 1026 | |
|---|
| 1027 | def __pos__(self): |
|---|
| 1028 | return self |
|---|
| 1029 | |
|---|
| 1030 | def __neg__(self): |
|---|
| 1031 | cdef Rational x |
|---|
| 1032 | x = <Rational> PY_NEW(Rational) |
|---|
| 1033 | mpq_neg(x.value, self.value) |
|---|
| 1034 | return x |
|---|
| 1035 | |
|---|
| 1036 | def __nonzero__(self): |
|---|
| 1037 | # A rational number is zero iff its numerator is zero. |
|---|
| 1038 | return mpq_sgn(self.value) != 0 |
|---|
| 1039 | |
|---|
| 1040 | def __abs__(self): |
|---|
| 1041 | cdef Rational x |
|---|
| 1042 | x = <Rational> PY_NEW(Rational) |
|---|
| 1043 | mpq_abs(x.value, self.value) |
|---|
| 1044 | return x |
|---|
| 1045 | |
|---|
| 1046 | def mod_ui(Rational self, unsigned long int n): |
|---|
| 1047 | cdef unsigned int num, den, a |
|---|
| 1048 | |
|---|
| 1049 | # Documentation from GMP manual: |
|---|
| 1050 | # "For the ui variants the return value is the remainder, and |
|---|
| 1051 | # in fact returning the remainder is all the div_ui functions do." |
|---|
| 1052 | _sig_on |
|---|
| 1053 | num = mpz_fdiv_ui(mpq_numref(self.value), n) |
|---|
| 1054 | den = mpz_fdiv_ui(mpq_denref(self.value), n) |
|---|
| 1055 | _sig_off |
|---|
| 1056 | return int((num * ai.inverse_mod_int(den, n)) % n) |
|---|
| 1057 | |
|---|
| 1058 | def __mod__(Rational self, other): |
|---|
| 1059 | other = integer.Integer(other) |
|---|
| 1060 | if not other: |
|---|
| 1061 | raise ZeroDivisionError, "Rational modulo by zero" |
|---|
| 1062 | n = self.numer() % other |
|---|
| 1063 | d = self.denom() % other |
|---|
| 1064 | _sig_on |
|---|
| 1065 | d = d.inverse_mod(other) |
|---|
| 1066 | _sig_off |
|---|
| 1067 | return (n*d)%other |
|---|
| 1068 | |
|---|
| 1069 | def norm(self): |
|---|
| 1070 | """ |
|---|
| 1071 | Returns the norm from Q to Q of x (which is just x). This was |
|---|
| 1072 | added for compatibility with NumberFields. |
|---|
| 1073 | |
|---|
| 1074 | EXAMPLES: |
|---|
| 1075 | sage: (1/3).norm() |
|---|
| 1076 | 1/3 |
|---|
| 1077 | |
|---|
| 1078 | AUTHOR: |
|---|
| 1079 | -- Craig Citro |
|---|
| 1080 | """ |
|---|
| 1081 | return self |
|---|
| 1082 | |
|---|
| 1083 | def trace(self): |
|---|
| 1084 | """ |
|---|
| 1085 | Returns the trace from Q to Q of x (which is just x). This was |
|---|
| 1086 | added for compatibility with NumberFields. |
|---|
| 1087 | |
|---|
| 1088 | EXAMPLES: |
|---|
| 1089 | sage: (1/3).trace() |
|---|
| 1090 | 1/3 |
|---|
| 1091 | |
|---|
| 1092 | AUTHOR: |
|---|
| 1093 | -- Craig Citro |
|---|
| 1094 | """ |
|---|
| 1095 | return self |
|---|
| 1096 | |
|---|
| 1097 | def charpoly(self, var): |
|---|
| 1098 | """ |
|---|
| 1099 | Return the characteristic polynomial of this rational number. |
|---|
| 1100 | This will always be just x - self; this is really here |
|---|
| 1101 | so that code written for number fields won't crash when |
|---|
| 1102 | applied to rational numbers. |
|---|
| 1103 | |
|---|
| 1104 | EXAMPLES: |
|---|
| 1105 | sage: (1/3).charpoly('x') |
|---|
| 1106 | x - 1/3 |
|---|
| 1107 | |
|---|
| 1108 | AUTHOR: |
|---|
| 1109 | -- Craig Citro |
|---|
| 1110 | """ |
|---|
| 1111 | QQ = self.parent() |
|---|
| 1112 | return QQ[var]([-self,1]) |
|---|
| 1113 | |
|---|
| 1114 | def minpoly(self): |
|---|
| 1115 | """ |
|---|
| 1116 | Return the minimal polynomial of this rational number. |
|---|
| 1117 | This will always be just x - self; this is really here |
|---|
| 1118 | so that code written for number fields won't crash when |
|---|
| 1119 | applied to rational numbers. |
|---|
| 1120 | |
|---|
| 1121 | EXAMPLES: |
|---|
| 1122 | sage: (1/3).minpoly() |
|---|
| 1123 | x - 1/3 |
|---|
| 1124 | |
|---|
| 1125 | AUTHOR: |
|---|
| 1126 | -- Craig Citro |
|---|
| 1127 | """ |
|---|
| 1128 | QQ = self.parent() |
|---|
| 1129 | return QQ['x']([-self,1]) |
|---|
| 1130 | |
|---|
| 1131 | cdef integer.Integer _integer_c(self): |
|---|
| 1132 | if not mpz_cmp_si(mpq_denref(self.value), 1) == 0: |
|---|
| 1133 | raise TypeError, "no coercion of this rational to integer" |
|---|
| 1134 | cdef integer.Integer n |
|---|
| 1135 | n = PY_NEW(integer.Integer) |
|---|
| 1136 | n.set_from_mpz(mpq_numref(self.value)) |
|---|
| 1137 | return n |
|---|
| 1138 | |
|---|
| 1139 | def _integer_(self): |
|---|
| 1140 | return self._integer_c() |
|---|
| 1141 | |
|---|
| 1142 | def numer(self): |
|---|
| 1143 | """ |
|---|
| 1144 | Return the numerator of this rational number. |
|---|
| 1145 | |
|---|
| 1146 | EXAMPLE: |
|---|
| 1147 | sage: x = -5/11 |
|---|
| 1148 | sage: x.numer() |
|---|
| 1149 | -5 |
|---|
| 1150 | """ |
|---|
| 1151 | cdef integer.Integer n |
|---|
| 1152 | n = PY_NEW(integer.Integer) |
|---|
| 1153 | n.set_from_mpz(mpq_numref(self.value)) |
|---|
| 1154 | return n |
|---|
| 1155 | |
|---|
| 1156 | def numerator(self): |
|---|
| 1157 | """ |
|---|
| 1158 | Return the numerator of this rational number. |
|---|
| 1159 | |
|---|
| 1160 | EXAMPLE: |
|---|
| 1161 | sage: x = 5/11 |
|---|
| 1162 | sage: x.numerator() |
|---|
| 1163 | 5 |
|---|
| 1164 | |
|---|
| 1165 | sage: x = 9/3 |
|---|
| 1166 | sage: x.numerator() |
|---|
| 1167 | 3 |
|---|
| 1168 | """ |
|---|
| 1169 | cdef integer.Integer n |
|---|
| 1170 | n = PY_NEW(integer.Integer) |
|---|
| 1171 | n.set_from_mpz(mpq_numref(self.value)) |
|---|
| 1172 | return n |
|---|
| 1173 | |
|---|
| 1174 | |
|---|
| 1175 | def __int__(self): |
|---|
| 1176 | """ |
|---|
| 1177 | Return coercion of self to Python int. |
|---|
| 1178 | |
|---|
| 1179 | This takes the floor of self if self has a denominator (which |
|---|
| 1180 | is consistent with Python's long(floats)). |
|---|
| 1181 | |
|---|
| 1182 | EXAMPLES: |
|---|
| 1183 | sage: int(7/3) |
|---|
| 1184 | 2 |
|---|
| 1185 | sage: int(-7/3) |
|---|
| 1186 | -3 |
|---|
| 1187 | """ |
|---|
| 1188 | return int(self.__long__()) |
|---|
| 1189 | |
|---|
| 1190 | def __long__(self): |
|---|
| 1191 | """ |
|---|
| 1192 | Return coercion of self to Python long. |
|---|
| 1193 | |
|---|
| 1194 | This takes the floor of self if self has a denominator (which |
|---|
| 1195 | is consistent with Python's long(floats)). |
|---|
| 1196 | |
|---|
| 1197 | EXAMPLES: |
|---|
| 1198 | sage: long(7/3) |
|---|
| 1199 | 2L |
|---|
| 1200 | sage: long(-7/3) |
|---|
| 1201 | -3L |
|---|
| 1202 | """ |
|---|
| 1203 | cdef mpz_t x |
|---|
| 1204 | if mpz_cmp_si(mpq_denref(self.value),1) != 0: |
|---|
| 1205 | mpz_init(x) |
|---|
| 1206 | mpz_fdiv_q(x, mpq_numref(self.value), mpq_denref(self.value)) |
|---|
| 1207 | n = mpz_get_pylong(x) |
|---|
| 1208 | mpz_clear(x) |
|---|
| 1209 | return n |
|---|
| 1210 | else: |
|---|
| 1211 | return mpz_get_pylong(mpq_numref(self.value)) |
|---|
| 1212 | |
|---|
| 1213 | def denom(self): |
|---|
| 1214 | """ |
|---|
| 1215 | self.denom(): Return the denominator of this rational number. |
|---|
| 1216 | |
|---|
| 1217 | EXAMPLES: |
|---|
| 1218 | sage: x = 5/13 |
|---|
| 1219 | sage: x.denom() |
|---|
| 1220 | 13 |
|---|
| 1221 | sage: x = -9/3 |
|---|
| 1222 | sage: x.denom() |
|---|
| 1223 | 1 |
|---|
| 1224 | """ |
|---|
| 1225 | cdef integer.Integer n |
|---|
| 1226 | n = PY_NEW(integer.Integer) |
|---|
| 1227 | n.set_from_mpz(mpq_denref(self.value)) |
|---|
| 1228 | return n |
|---|
| 1229 | |
|---|
| 1230 | def denominator(self): |
|---|
| 1231 | """ |
|---|
| 1232 | self.denominator(): Return the denominator of this rational number. |
|---|
| 1233 | |
|---|
| 1234 | EXAMPLES: |
|---|
| 1235 | sage: x = -5/11 |
|---|
| 1236 | sage: x.denominator() |
|---|
| 1237 | 11 |
|---|
| 1238 | sage: x = 9/3 |
|---|
| 1239 | sage: x.denominator() |
|---|
| 1240 | 1 |
|---|
| 1241 | """ |
|---|
| 1242 | cdef integer.Integer n |
|---|
| 1243 | n = PY_NEW(integer.Integer) |
|---|
| 1244 | n.set_from_mpz(mpq_denref(self.value)) |
|---|
| 1245 | return n |
|---|
| 1246 | |
|---|
| 1247 | def factor(self): |
|---|
| 1248 | return sage.rings.rational_field.factor(self) |
|---|
| 1249 | |
|---|
| 1250 | def floor(self): |
|---|
| 1251 | """ |
|---|
| 1252 | self.floor(): Return the floor of this rational number as an integer. |
|---|
| 1253 | |
|---|
| 1254 | EXAMPLES: |
|---|
| 1255 | sage: n = 5/3; n.floor() |
|---|
| 1256 | 1 |
|---|
| 1257 | sage: n = -17/19; n.floor() |
|---|
| 1258 | -1 |
|---|
| 1259 | sage: n = -7/2; n.floor() |
|---|
| 1260 | -4 |
|---|
| 1261 | sage: n = 7/2; n.floor() |
|---|
| 1262 | 3 |
|---|
| 1263 | sage: n = 10/2; n.floor() |
|---|
| 1264 | 5 |
|---|
| 1265 | """ |
|---|
| 1266 | cdef integer.Integer n |
|---|
| 1267 | n = integer.Integer() |
|---|
| 1268 | mpz_fdiv_q(n.value, mpq_numref(self.value), mpq_denref(self.value)) |
|---|
| 1269 | return n |
|---|
| 1270 | |
|---|
| 1271 | def ceil(self): |
|---|
| 1272 | """ |
|---|
| 1273 | self.ceil(): Return the ceiling of this rational number. |
|---|
| 1274 | |
|---|
| 1275 | If this rational number is an integer, this returns this |
|---|
| 1276 | number, otherwise it returns the floor of this number +1. |
|---|
| 1277 | |
|---|
| 1278 | EXAMPLES: |
|---|
| 1279 | sage: n = 5/3; n.ceil() |
|---|
| 1280 | 2 |
|---|
| 1281 | sage: n = -17/19; n.ceil() |
|---|
| 1282 | 0 |
|---|
| 1283 | sage: n = -7/2; n.ceil() |
|---|
| 1284 | -3 |
|---|
| 1285 | sage: n = 7/2; n.ceil() |
|---|
| 1286 | 4 |
|---|
| 1287 | sage: n = 10/2; n.ceil() |
|---|
| 1288 | 5 |
|---|
| 1289 | """ |
|---|
| 1290 | cdef integer.Integer n |
|---|
| 1291 | n = integer.Integer() |
|---|
| 1292 | mpz_cdiv_q(n.value, mpq_numref(self.value), mpq_denref(self.value)) |
|---|
| 1293 | return n |
|---|
| 1294 | |
|---|
| 1295 | def height(self): |
|---|
| 1296 | """ |
|---|
| 1297 | The max absolute value of the numerator and denominator of self, |
|---|
| 1298 | as an Integer. |
|---|
| 1299 | |
|---|
| 1300 | EXAMPLES: |
|---|
| 1301 | sage: a = 2/3 |
|---|
| 1302 | sage: a.height() |
|---|
| 1303 | 3 |
|---|
| 1304 | sage: a = 34/3 |
|---|
| 1305 | sage: a.height() |
|---|
| 1306 | 34 |
|---|
| 1307 | sage: a = -97/4 |
|---|
| 1308 | sage: a.height() |
|---|
| 1309 | 97 |
|---|
| 1310 | |
|---|
| 1311 | AUTHOR: |
|---|
| 1312 | -- Naqi Jaffery (2006-03-05): examples |
|---|
| 1313 | """ |
|---|
| 1314 | x = abs(self.numer()) |
|---|
| 1315 | if x > self.denom(): |
|---|
| 1316 | return x |
|---|
| 1317 | return self.denom() |
|---|
| 1318 | |
|---|
| 1319 | def _lcm(self, Rational other): |
|---|
| 1320 | """ |
|---|
| 1321 | Returns the least common multiple, in the rational numbers, |
|---|
| 1322 | of self and other. This function returns either 0 or 1 (as |
|---|
| 1323 | a rational number). |
|---|
| 1324 | """ |
|---|
| 1325 | if mpz_cmp_si(mpq_numref(self.value), 0) == 0 and \ |
|---|
| 1326 | mpz_cmp_si(mpq_numref(other.value), 0) == 0: |
|---|
| 1327 | return Rational(0) |
|---|
| 1328 | return Rational(1) |
|---|
| 1329 | |
|---|
| 1330 | def _gcd(self, Rational other): |
|---|
| 1331 | """ |
|---|
| 1332 | Returns the least common multiple, in the rational numbers, |
|---|
| 1333 | of self and other. This function returns either 0 or 1 (as |
|---|
| 1334 | a rational number). |
|---|
| 1335 | """ |
|---|
| 1336 | if mpz_cmp_si(mpq_numref(self.value), 0) == 0 and \ |
|---|
| 1337 | mpz_cmp_si(mpq_numref(other.value), 0) == 0: |
|---|
| 1338 | return Rational(0) |
|---|
| 1339 | return Rational(1) |
|---|
| 1340 | |
|---|
| 1341 | |
|---|
| 1342 | def additive_order(self): |
|---|
| 1343 | """ |
|---|
| 1344 | Return the additive order of self. |
|---|
| 1345 | |
|---|
| 1346 | EXAMPLES: |
|---|
| 1347 | sage: QQ(0).additive_order() |
|---|
| 1348 | 1 |
|---|
| 1349 | sage: QQ(1).additive_order() |
|---|
| 1350 | +Infinity |
|---|
| 1351 | """ |
|---|
| 1352 | import sage.rings.infinity |
|---|
| 1353 | if self.is_zero(): |
|---|
| 1354 | return integer.Integer(1) |
|---|
| 1355 | else: |
|---|
| 1356 | return sage.rings.infinity.infinity |
|---|
| 1357 | |
|---|
| 1358 | |
|---|
| 1359 | def multiplicative_order(self): |
|---|
| 1360 | """ |
|---|
| 1361 | Return the multiplicative order of self. |
|---|
| 1362 | |
|---|
| 1363 | EXAMPLES: |
|---|
| 1364 | sage: QQ(1).multiplicative_order() |
|---|
| 1365 | 1 |
|---|
| 1366 | sage: QQ('1/-1').multiplicative_order() |
|---|
| 1367 | 2 |
|---|
| 1368 | sage: QQ(0).multiplicative_order() |
|---|
| 1369 | +Infinity |
|---|
| 1370 | sage: QQ('2/3').multiplicative_order() |
|---|
| 1371 | +Infinity |
|---|
| 1372 | sage: QQ('1/2').multiplicative_order() |
|---|
| 1373 | +Infinity |
|---|
| 1374 | """ |
|---|
| 1375 | import sage.rings.infinity |
|---|
| 1376 | if self.is_one(): |
|---|
| 1377 | return integer.Integer(1) |
|---|
| 1378 | elif mpz_cmpabs(mpq_numref(self.value),mpq_denref(self.value))==0: |
|---|
| 1379 | # if the numerator and the denominator are equal in absolute value, |
|---|
| 1380 | # then the rational number is -1 |
|---|
| 1381 | return integer.Integer(2) |
|---|
| 1382 | else: |
|---|
| 1383 | return sage.rings.infinity.infinity |
|---|
| 1384 | |
|---|
| 1385 | def is_one(self): |
|---|
| 1386 | r""" |
|---|
| 1387 | Determine if a rational number is one. |
|---|
| 1388 | |
|---|
| 1389 | EXAMPLES: |
|---|
| 1390 | sage: QQ(1/2).is_one() |
|---|
| 1391 | False |
|---|
| 1392 | sage: QQ(4/4).is_one() |
|---|
| 1393 | True |
|---|
| 1394 | """ |
|---|
| 1395 | # A rational number is equal to 1 iff its numerator and denominator are equal |
|---|
| 1396 | return mpz_cmp(mpq_numref(self.value),mpq_denref(self.value))==0 |
|---|
| 1397 | r"""Test if a rational number is zero |
|---|
| 1398 | |
|---|
| 1399 | EXAMPLES: |
|---|
| 1400 | |
|---|
| 1401 | sage: QQ(1/2).is_zero() |
|---|
| 1402 | False |
|---|
| 1403 | sage: QQ(0/4).is_zero() |
|---|
| 1404 | True |
|---|
| 1405 | """ |
|---|
| 1406 | |
|---|
| 1407 | def is_integral(self): |
|---|
| 1408 | r""" |
|---|
| 1409 | Determine if a rational number is integral (i.e is in $\Z$). |
|---|
| 1410 | |
|---|
| 1411 | EXAMPLES: |
|---|
| 1412 | sage: QQ(1/2).is_integral() |
|---|
| 1413 | False |
|---|
| 1414 | sage: QQ(4/4).is_integral() |
|---|
| 1415 | True |
|---|
| 1416 | """ |
|---|
| 1417 | return bool(self in ZZ) |
|---|
| 1418 | |
|---|
| 1419 | cdef _lshift(self, long int exp): |
|---|
| 1420 | r""" |
|---|
| 1421 | Return $self*2^exp$ |
|---|
| 1422 | """ |
|---|
| 1423 | cdef Rational x |
|---|
| 1424 | x = <Rational> PY_NEW(Rational) |
|---|
| 1425 | _sig_on |
|---|
| 1426 | if exp < 0: |
|---|
| 1427 | mpq_div_2exp(x.value,self.value,-exp) |
|---|
| 1428 | else: |
|---|
| 1429 | mpq_mul_2exp(x.value,self.value,exp) |
|---|
| 1430 | _sig_off |
|---|
| 1431 | return x |
|---|
| 1432 | |
|---|
| 1433 | def __lshift__(x,y): |
|---|
| 1434 | if isinstance(x, Rational) and isinstance(y, (int, long, integer.Integer)): |
|---|
| 1435 | return (<Rational>x)._lshift(y) |
|---|
| 1436 | return bin_op(x, y, operator.lshift) |
|---|
| 1437 | |
|---|
| 1438 | cdef _rshift(self, long int exp): |
|---|
| 1439 | r""" |
|---|
| 1440 | Return $self/2^exp$ |
|---|
| 1441 | """ |
|---|
| 1442 | cdef Rational x |
|---|
| 1443 | x = <Rational> PY_NEW(Rational) |
|---|
| 1444 | _sig_on |
|---|
| 1445 | if exp < 0: |
|---|
| 1446 | mpq_mul_2exp(x.value,self.value,-exp) |
|---|
| 1447 | else: |
|---|
| 1448 | mpq_div_2exp(x.value,self.value,exp) |
|---|
| 1449 | _sig_off |
|---|
| 1450 | return x |
|---|
| 1451 | |
|---|
| 1452 | def __rshift__(x,y): |
|---|
| 1453 | if isinstance(x, Rational) and isinstance(y, (int, long, integer.Integer)): |
|---|
| 1454 | return (<Rational>x)._rshift(y) |
|---|
| 1455 | return bin_op(x, y, operator.rshift) |
|---|
| 1456 | |
|---|
| 1457 | ################################################## |
|---|
| 1458 | # Support for interfaces |
|---|
| 1459 | ################################################## |
|---|
| 1460 | |
|---|
| 1461 | def _pari_(self): |
|---|
| 1462 | return self.numerator()._pari_()/self.denominator()._pari_() |
|---|
| 1463 | |
|---|
| 1464 | def _interface_init_(self): |
|---|
| 1465 | """ |
|---|
| 1466 | EXAMPLES: |
|---|
| 1467 | sage: kash(3/1).Type() # optional |
|---|
| 1468 | elt-fld^rat |
|---|
| 1469 | sage: magma(3/1).Type() # optional |
|---|
| 1470 | FldRatElt |
|---|
| 1471 | """ |
|---|
| 1472 | return '%s/%s'%(self.numerator(), self.denominator()) |
|---|
| 1473 | |
|---|
| 1474 | |
|---|
| 1475 | |
|---|
| 1476 | def pyrex_rational_reconstruction(integer.Integer a, integer.Integer m): |
|---|
| 1477 | """ |
|---|
| 1478 | Find the rational reconstruction of a mod m, if it exists. |
|---|
| 1479 | INPUT: |
|---|
| 1480 | a -- Integer |
|---|
| 1481 | m -- Integer |
|---|
| 1482 | OUTPUT: |
|---|
| 1483 | x -- rings.rational.Rational |
|---|
| 1484 | """ |
|---|
| 1485 | cdef Rational x |
|---|
| 1486 | x = <Rational> PY_NEW(Rational) |
|---|
| 1487 | mpq_rational_reconstruction(x.value, a.get_value()[0], m.get_value()[0]) |
|---|
| 1488 | return x |
|---|
| 1489 | |
|---|
| 1490 | # def test(n): |
|---|
| 1491 | # cdef mpz_t a, m |
|---|
| 1492 | # mpz_init(a); mpz_init(m) |
|---|
| 1493 | # mpz_set_str(a, "133173434946179363436783721312585228097", 0) |
|---|
| 1494 | # mpz_set_str(m, "10000000000000000000000000000000000000000", 0) |
|---|
| 1495 | # cdef int k |
|---|
| 1496 | # cdef mpq_t x |
|---|
| 1497 | # mpq_init(x) |
|---|
| 1498 | # import time |
|---|
| 1499 | # t = time.clock() |
|---|
| 1500 | # for k from 0 <= k < n: |
|---|
| 1501 | # mpq_rational_reconstruction(x, a, m) |
|---|
| 1502 | # print time.clock() - t |
|---|
| 1503 | |
|---|
| 1504 | |
|---|
| 1505 | def make_rational(s): |
|---|
| 1506 | r = Rational() |
|---|
| 1507 | r._reduce_set(s) |
|---|
| 1508 | return r |
|---|
| 1509 | |
|---|
| 1510 | cdef class Z_to_Q(Morphism): |
|---|
| 1511 | |
|---|
| 1512 | def __init__(self): |
|---|
| 1513 | import integer_ring |
|---|
| 1514 | import rational_field |
|---|
| 1515 | import sage.categories.homset |
|---|
| 1516 | Morphism.__init__(self, sage.categories.homset.Hom(integer_ring.ZZ, rational_field.QQ)) |
|---|
| 1517 | |
|---|
| 1518 | cdef Element _call_c_impl(self, Element x): |
|---|
| 1519 | cdef Rational rat |
|---|
| 1520 | rat = <Rational> PY_NEW(Rational) |
|---|
| 1521 | mpq_set_z(rat.value, (<integer.Integer>x).value) |
|---|
| 1522 | return rat |
|---|
| 1523 | |
|---|