| 1 | r""" |
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| 2 | Elements of the ring $\Z$ of integers |
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| 3 | |
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| 4 | AUTHORS: |
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| 5 | -- William Stein (2005): initial version |
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| 6 | -- Gonzalo Tornaria (2006-03-02): vastly improved python/GMP conversion; hashing |
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| 7 | -- Didier Deshommes <dfdeshom@gmail.com> (2006-03-06): numerous examples and docstrings |
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| 8 | -- William Stein (2006-03-31): changes to reflect GMP bug fixes |
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| 9 | -- William Stein (2006-04-14): added GMP factorial method (since it's |
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| 10 | now very fast). |
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| 11 | -- David Harvey (2006-09-15): added nth_root, exact_log |
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| 12 | """ |
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| 13 | |
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| 14 | #***************************************************************************** |
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| 15 | # Copyright (C) 2004 William Stein <wstein@gmail.com> |
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| 16 | # |
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| 17 | # Distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL) |
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| 18 | # |
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| 19 | # This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, |
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| 20 | # but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of |
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| 21 | # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU |
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| 22 | # General Public License for more details. |
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| 23 | # |
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| 24 | # The full text of the GPL is available at: |
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| 25 | # |
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| 26 | # http://www.gnu.org/licenses/ |
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| 27 | #***************************************************************************** |
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| 28 | |
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| 29 | doc=""" |
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| 30 | Integers |
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| 31 | """ |
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| 32 | |
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| 33 | import operator |
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| 34 | |
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| 35 | import sys |
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| 36 | |
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| 37 | include "gmp.pxi" |
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| 38 | include "interrupt.pxi" # ctrl-c interrupt block support |
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| 39 | |
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| 40 | cdef extern from "mpz_pylong.h": |
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| 41 | cdef mpz_get_pylong(mpz_t src) |
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| 42 | cdef int mpz_set_pylong(mpz_t dst, src) except -1 |
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| 43 | cdef long mpz_pythonhash(mpz_t src) |
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| 44 | |
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| 45 | cdef class Integer(element.EuclideanDomainElement) |
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| 46 | |
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| 47 | import sage.rings.integer_ring |
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| 48 | import sage.rings.coerce |
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| 49 | import sage.rings.infinity |
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| 50 | import sage.rings.complex_field |
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| 51 | import rational as rational |
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| 52 | import sage.libs.pari.all |
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| 53 | import mpfr |
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| 54 | import sage.misc.functional |
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| 55 | |
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| 56 | cdef mpz_t mpz_tmp |
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| 57 | mpz_init(mpz_tmp) |
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| 58 | |
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| 59 | cdef public int set_mpz(Integer self, mpz_t value): |
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| 60 | mpz_set(self.value, value) |
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| 61 | |
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| 62 | cdef set_from_Integer(Integer self, Integer other): |
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| 63 | mpz_set(self.value, other.value) |
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| 64 | |
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| 65 | cdef set_from_int(Integer self, int other): |
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| 66 | mpz_set_si(self.value, other) |
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| 67 | |
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| 68 | cdef public mpz_t* get_value(Integer self): |
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| 69 | return &self.value |
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| 70 | |
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| 71 | # This crashes SAGE: |
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| 72 | # s = 2003^100300000 |
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| 73 | # The problem is related to realloc moving all the memory |
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| 74 | # and returning a pointer to the new block of memory, I think. |
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| 75 | |
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| 76 | cdef extern from "stdlib.h": |
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| 77 | void abort() |
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| 78 | |
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| 79 | cdef void* pymem_realloc(void *ptr, size_t old_size, size_t new_size): |
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| 80 | return PyMem_Realloc(ptr, new_size) |
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| 81 | #print "hello-realloc: ", <long> ptr, old_size, new_size |
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| 82 | #cdef void* p |
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| 83 | #p = PyMem_Realloc(ptr, new_size) |
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| 84 | #print "p = ", <long> p |
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| 85 | #if <void*> p != <void*> ptr: |
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| 86 | # abort() |
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| 87 | #return p |
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| 88 | |
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| 89 | |
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| 90 | cdef void pymem_free(void *ptr, size_t size): |
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| 91 | PyMem_Free(ptr) |
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| 92 | |
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| 93 | cdef void* pymem_malloc(size_t size): |
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| 94 | return PyMem_Malloc(size) |
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| 95 | |
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| 96 | cdef extern from "gmp.h": |
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| 97 | void mp_set_memory_functions (void *(*alloc_func_ptr) (size_t), void *(*realloc_func_ptr) (void *, size_t, size_t), void (*free_func_ptr) (void *, size_t)) |
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| 98 | |
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| 99 | |
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| 100 | def pmem_malloc(): |
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| 101 | """ |
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| 102 | Use the Python heap for GMP memory management. |
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| 103 | """ |
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| 104 | mp_set_memory_functions(PyMem_Malloc, pymem_realloc, pymem_free) |
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| 105 | #mp_set_memory_functions(pymem_malloc, pymem_realloc, pymem_free) |
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| 106 | |
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| 107 | pmem_malloc() |
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| 108 | |
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| 109 | cdef class Integer(element.EuclideanDomainElement): |
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| 110 | """ |
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| 111 | The \\class{Integer} class represents arbitrary precision |
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| 112 | integers. It derives from the \\class{Element} class, so |
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| 113 | integers can be used as ring elements anywhere in SAGE. |
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| 114 | |
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| 115 | \\begin{notice} |
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| 116 | The class \\class{Integer} is implemented in Pyrex, as a wrapper |
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| 117 | of the GMP \\code{mpz_t} integer type. |
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| 118 | \\end{notice} |
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| 119 | """ |
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| 120 | def __new__(self, x=None, unsigned int base=0): |
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| 121 | mpz_init(self.value) |
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| 122 | |
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| 123 | def __pyxdoc__init__(self): |
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| 124 | """ |
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| 125 | You can create an integer from an int, long, string literal, or |
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| 126 | integer modulo N. |
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| 127 | |
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| 128 | EXAMPLES: |
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| 129 | sage: Integer(495) |
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| 130 | 495 |
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| 131 | sage: Integer('495949209809328523') |
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| 132 | 495949209809328523 |
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| 133 | sage: Integer(Mod(3,7)) |
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| 134 | 3 |
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| 135 | |
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| 136 | Integers also support the standard arithmetic operations, such |
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| 137 | as +,-,*,/,^, \code{abs}, \code{mod}, \code{float}: |
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| 138 | sage: 2^3 |
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| 139 | 8 |
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| 140 | """ |
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| 141 | def __init__(self, x=None, unsigned int base=0): |
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| 142 | """ |
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| 143 | EXAMPLES: |
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| 144 | sage: a = long(-901824309821093821093812093810928309183091832091) |
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| 145 | sage: b = ZZ(a); b |
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| 146 | -901824309821093821093812093810928309183091832091 |
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| 147 | sage: ZZ(b) |
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| 148 | -901824309821093821093812093810928309183091832091 |
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| 149 | sage: ZZ('-901824309821093821093812093810928309183091832091') |
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| 150 | -901824309821093821093812093810928309183091832091 |
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| 151 | sage: ZZ(int(-93820984323)) |
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| 152 | -93820984323 |
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| 153 | sage: ZZ(ZZ(-901824309821093821093812093810928309183091832091)) |
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| 154 | -901824309821093821093812093810928309183091832091 |
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| 155 | sage: ZZ(QQ(-901824309821093821093812093810928309183091832091)) |
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| 156 | -901824309821093821093812093810928309183091832091 |
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| 157 | sage: ZZ(pari('Mod(-3,7)')) |
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| 158 | 4 |
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| 159 | sage: ZZ('sage') |
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| 160 | Traceback (most recent call last): |
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| 161 | ... |
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| 162 | TypeError: unable to convert x (=sage) to an integer |
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| 163 | sage: Integer('zz',36).str(36) |
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| 164 | 'zz' |
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| 165 | sage: ZZ('0x3b').str(16) |
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| 166 | '3b' |
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| 167 | """ |
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| 168 | if not (x is None): |
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| 169 | if isinstance(x, Integer): |
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| 170 | set_from_Integer(self, x) |
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| 171 | elif hasattr(x, "_integer_"): |
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| 172 | set_from_Integer(self, x._integer_()) |
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| 173 | elif isinstance(x, int): |
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| 174 | mpz_set_si(self.value, x) |
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| 175 | |
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| 176 | elif isinstance(x, long): |
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| 177 | #_sig_on |
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| 178 | mpz_set_pylong(self.value, x) |
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| 179 | #_sig_off |
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| 180 | #s = "%x"%x |
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| 181 | #mpz_set_str(self.value, s, 16) |
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| 182 | |
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| 183 | elif isinstance(x, str): |
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| 184 | if base < 0 or base > 36: |
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| 185 | raise ValueError, "base (=%s) must be between 2 and 36"%base |
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| 186 | if mpz_set_str(self.value, x, base) != 0: |
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| 187 | raise TypeError, "unable to convert x (=%s) to an integer"%x |
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| 188 | |
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| 189 | elif isinstance(x, rational.Rational): |
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| 190 | if x.denominator() != 1: |
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| 191 | raise TypeError, "Unable to coerce rational (=%s) to an Integer."%x |
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| 192 | set_from_Integer(self, x.numer()) |
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| 193 | |
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| 194 | |
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| 195 | elif isinstance(x, sage.libs.pari.all.pari_gen): |
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| 196 | if x.type() == 't_INTMOD': |
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| 197 | x = x.lift() |
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| 198 | # TODO: figure out how to convert to pari integer in base 16 ? |
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| 199 | s = hex(x) |
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| 200 | if mpz_set_str(self.value, s, 16) != 0: |
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| 201 | raise TypeError, "Unable to coerce PARI %s to an Integer."%x |
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| 202 | |
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| 203 | else: |
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| 204 | raise TypeError, "Unable to coerce %s (of type %s) to an Integer."%(x,type(x)) |
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| 205 | |
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| 206 | |
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| 207 | def __reduce__(self): |
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| 208 | # This single line below took me HOURS to figure out. |
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| 209 | # It is the *trick* needed to pickle pyrex extension types. |
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| 210 | # The trick is that you must put a pure Python function |
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| 211 | # as the first argument, and that function must return |
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| 212 | # the result of unpickling with the argument in the second |
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| 213 | # tuple as input. All kinds of problems happen |
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| 214 | # if we don't do this. |
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| 215 | return sage.rings.integer.make_integer, (self.str(32),) |
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| 216 | |
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| 217 | def _reduce_set(self, s): |
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| 218 | mpz_set_str(self.value, s, 32) |
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| 219 | |
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| 220 | def _im_gens_(self, codomain, im_gens): |
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| 221 | return codomain._coerce_(self) |
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| 222 | |
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| 223 | #def __reduce__(self): |
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| 224 | # return sage.rings.integer_ring.Z, (long(self),) |
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| 225 | |
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| 226 | def _xor(Integer self, Integer other): |
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| 227 | cdef Integer x |
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| 228 | x = Integer() |
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| 229 | mpz_xor(x.value, self.value, other.value) |
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| 230 | return x |
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| 231 | |
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| 232 | def __xor__(x, y): |
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| 233 | """ |
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| 234 | Compute the exclusive or of x and y. |
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| 235 | |
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| 236 | EXAMPLES: |
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| 237 | sage: n = ZZ(2); m = ZZ(3) |
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| 238 | sage: n.__xor__(m) |
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| 239 | 1 |
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| 240 | """ |
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| 241 | if isinstance(x, Integer) and isinstance(y, Integer): |
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| 242 | return x._xor(y) |
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| 243 | return sage.rings.coerce.bin_op(x, y, operator.xor) |
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| 244 | |
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| 245 | |
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| 246 | |
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| 247 | cdef int cmp(self, Integer x): |
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| 248 | cdef int i |
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| 249 | i = mpz_cmp(self.value, x.value) |
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| 250 | if i < 0: |
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| 251 | return -1 |
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| 252 | elif i == 0: |
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| 253 | return 0 |
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| 254 | else: |
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| 255 | return 1 |
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| 256 | |
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| 257 | def __richcmp__(Integer self, right, int op): |
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| 258 | cdef int n |
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| 259 | if not isinstance(right, Integer): |
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| 260 | try: |
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| 261 | n = sage.rings.coerce.cmp(self, right) |
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| 262 | except TypeError: |
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| 263 | n = -1 |
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| 264 | else: |
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| 265 | n = self.cmp(right) |
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| 266 | return self._rich_to_bool(op, n) |
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| 267 | |
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| 268 | def __cmp__(self, x): |
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| 269 | return self.cmp(x) |
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| 270 | |
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| 271 | |
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| 272 | def copy(self): |
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| 273 | """ |
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| 274 | Return a copy of the integer. |
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| 275 | """ |
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| 276 | cdef Integer z |
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| 277 | z = Integer() |
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| 278 | set_mpz(z,self.value) |
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| 279 | return z |
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| 280 | |
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| 281 | |
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| 282 | def list(self): |
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| 283 | """ |
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| 284 | Return a list with the rational element in it, to be |
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| 285 | compatible with the method for number fields. |
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| 286 | |
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| 287 | EXAMPLES: |
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| 288 | sage: m = 5 |
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| 289 | sage: m.list() |
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| 290 | [5] |
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| 291 | """ |
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| 292 | return [ self ] |
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| 293 | |
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| 294 | |
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| 295 | def __dealloc__(self): |
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| 296 | mpz_clear(self.value) |
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| 297 | |
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| 298 | def __repr__(self): |
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| 299 | return self.str() |
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| 300 | |
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| 301 | def _latex_(self): |
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| 302 | return self.str() |
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| 303 | |
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| 304 | def _mathml_(self): |
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| 305 | return '<mn>%s</mn>'%self |
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| 306 | |
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| 307 | def __str_malloc(self, int base=10): |
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| 308 | """ |
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| 309 | Return the string representation of \\code{self} in the given |
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| 310 | base. (Uses malloc then PyMem. This is actually slightly |
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| 311 | faster than self.str() below, but it is unpythonic to use |
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| 312 | malloc.) However, self.str() below is nice because we know |
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| 313 | the size of the string ahead of time, and can work around a |
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| 314 | bug in GMP nicely. There seems to be a bug in GMP, where |
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| 315 | non-2-power base conversion for very large integers > 10 |
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| 316 | million digits (?) crashes GMP. |
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| 317 | """ |
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| 318 | _sig_on |
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| 319 | cdef char *s |
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| 320 | s = mpz_get_str(NULL, base, self.value) |
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| 321 | t = str(s) |
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| 322 | free(s) |
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| 323 | _sig_off |
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| 324 | return t |
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| 325 | |
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| 326 | def str(self, int base=10): |
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| 327 | r""" |
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| 328 | Return the string representation of \code{self} in the given |
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| 329 | base. |
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| 330 | |
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| 331 | |
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| 332 | EXAMPLES: |
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| 333 | sage: Integer(2^10).str(2) |
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| 334 | '10000000000' |
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| 335 | sage: Integer(2^10).str(17) |
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| 336 | '394' |
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| 337 | |
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| 338 | sage: two=Integer(2) |
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| 339 | sage: two.str(1) |
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| 340 | Traceback (most recent call last): |
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| 341 | ... |
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| 342 | ValueError: base (=1) must be between 2 and 36 |
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| 343 | |
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| 344 | sage: two.str(37) |
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| 345 | Traceback (most recent call last): |
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| 346 | ... |
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| 347 | ValueError: base (=37) must be between 2 and 36 |
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| 348 | |
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| 349 | sage: big = 10^5000000 |
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| 350 | sage: s = big.str() # long (> 20 seconds) |
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| 351 | sage: len(s) # depends on long |
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| 352 | 5000001 |
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| 353 | sage: s[:10] # depends on long |
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| 354 | '1000000000' |
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| 355 | """ |
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| 356 | if base < 2 or base > 36: |
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| 357 | raise ValueError, "base (=%s) must be between 2 and 36"%base |
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| 358 | cdef size_t n |
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| 359 | cdef char *s |
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| 360 | n = mpz_sizeinbase(self.value, base) + 2 |
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| 361 | s = <char *>PyMem_Malloc(n) |
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| 362 | if s == NULL: |
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| 363 | raise MemoryError, "Unable to allocate enough memory for the string representation of an integer." |
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| 364 | _sig_on |
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| 365 | mpz_get_str(s, base, self.value) |
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| 366 | _sig_off |
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| 367 | k = PyString_FromString(s) |
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| 368 | PyMem_Free(s) |
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| 369 | return k |
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| 370 | |
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| 371 | def __hex__(self): |
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| 372 | r""" |
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| 373 | Return the hexadecimal digits of self in lower case. |
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| 374 | |
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| 375 | \note{'0x' is \emph{not} prepended to the result like is done |
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| 376 | by the corresponding Python function on int or long. This is |
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| 377 | for efficiency sake---adding and stripping the string wastes |
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| 378 | time; since this function is used for conversions from |
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| 379 | integers to other C-library structures, it is important that |
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| 380 | it be fast.} |
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| 381 | |
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| 382 | EXAMPLES: |
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| 383 | sage: print hex(Integer(15)) |
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| 384 | f |
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| 385 | sage: print hex(Integer(16)) |
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| 386 | 10 |
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| 387 | sage: print hex(Integer(16938402384092843092843098243)) |
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| 388 | 36bb1e3929d1a8fe2802f083 |
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| 389 | sage: print hex(long(16938402384092843092843098243)) |
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| 390 | 0x36BB1E3929D1A8FE2802F083L |
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| 391 | """ |
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| 392 | return self.str(16) |
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| 393 | |
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| 394 | def binary(self): |
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| 395 | """ |
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| 396 | Return the binary digits of self as a string. |
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| 397 | |
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| 398 | EXAMPLES: |
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| 399 | sage: print Integer(15).binary() |
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| 400 | 1111 |
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| 401 | sage: print Integer(16).binary() |
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| 402 | 10000 |
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| 403 | sage: print Integer(16938402384092843092843098243).binary() |
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| 404 | 1101101011101100011110001110010010100111010001101010001111111000101000000000101111000010000011 |
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| 405 | """ |
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| 406 | return self.str(2) |
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| 407 | |
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| 408 | |
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| 409 | |
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| 410 | def set_si(self, signed long int n): |
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| 411 | """ |
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| 412 | Coerces $n$ to a C signed integer if possible, and sets self |
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| 413 | equal to $n$. |
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| 414 | |
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| 415 | EXAMPLES: |
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| 416 | sage: n= ZZ(54) |
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| 417 | sage: n.set_si(-43344);n |
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| 418 | -43344 |
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| 419 | sage: n.set_si(43344);n |
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| 420 | 43344 |
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| 421 | |
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| 422 | Note that an error occurs when we are not dealing with |
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| 423 | integers anymore |
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| 424 | sage: n.set_si(2^32);n |
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| 425 | Traceback (most recent call last): # 32-bit |
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| 426 | ... # 32-bit |
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| 427 | OverflowError: long int too large to convert to int # 32-bit |
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| 428 | 4294967296 # 64-bit |
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| 429 | sage: n.set_si(-2^32);n |
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| 430 | Traceback (most recent call last): # 32-bit |
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| 431 | ... # 32-bit |
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| 432 | OverflowError: long int too large to convert to int # 32-bit |
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| 433 | -4294967296 # 64-bit |
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| 434 | """ |
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| 435 | mpz_set_si(self.value, n) |
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| 436 | |
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| 437 | def set_str(self, s, base=10): |
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| 438 | """ |
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| 439 | Set self equal to the number defined by the string $s$ in the |
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| 440 | given base. |
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| 441 | |
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| 442 | EXAMPLES: |
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| 443 | sage: n=100 |
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| 444 | sage: n.set_str('100000',2) |
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| 445 | sage: n |
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| 446 | 32 |
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| 447 | |
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| 448 | If the number begins with '0X' or '0x', it is converted |
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| 449 | to an hex number: |
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| 450 | sage: n.set_str('0x13',0) |
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| 451 | sage: n |
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| 452 | 19 |
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| 453 | sage: n.set_str('0X13',0) |
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| 454 | sage: n |
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| 455 | 19 |
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| 456 | |
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| 457 | If the number begins with a '0', it is converted to an octal |
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| 458 | number: |
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| 459 | sage: n.set_str('013',0) |
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| 460 | sage: n |
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| 461 | 11 |
|---|
| 462 | |
|---|
| 463 | '13' is not a valid binary number so the following raises |
|---|
| 464 | an exception: |
|---|
| 465 | sage: n.set_str('13',2) |
|---|
| 466 | Traceback (most recent call last): |
|---|
| 467 | ... |
|---|
| 468 | TypeError: unable to convert x (=13) to an integer in base 2 |
|---|
| 469 | """ |
|---|
| 470 | valid = mpz_set_str(self.value, s, base) |
|---|
| 471 | if valid != 0: |
|---|
| 472 | raise TypeError, "unable to convert x (=%s) to an integer in base %s"%(s, base) |
|---|
| 473 | |
|---|
| 474 | cdef void set_from_mpz(Integer self, mpz_t value): |
|---|
| 475 | mpz_set(self.value, value) |
|---|
| 476 | |
|---|
| 477 | cdef mpz_t* get_value(Integer self): |
|---|
| 478 | return &self.value |
|---|
| 479 | |
|---|
| 480 | def __add_(Integer self, Integer other): |
|---|
| 481 | cdef Integer x |
|---|
| 482 | x = Integer() |
|---|
| 483 | mpz_add(x.value, self.value, other.value) |
|---|
| 484 | return x |
|---|
| 485 | |
|---|
| 486 | def __add__(x, y): |
|---|
| 487 | """ |
|---|
| 488 | EXAMPLES: |
|---|
| 489 | Add 2 integers: |
|---|
| 490 | sage: a = Integer(3) ; b = Integer(4) |
|---|
| 491 | sage: a + b == 7 |
|---|
| 492 | True |
|---|
| 493 | |
|---|
| 494 | Add an integer and a real number: |
|---|
| 495 | sage: a + 4.0 |
|---|
| 496 | 7.0000000000000000 |
|---|
| 497 | |
|---|
| 498 | Add an integer and a rational number: |
|---|
| 499 | sage: a + Rational(2)/5 |
|---|
| 500 | 17/5 |
|---|
| 501 | |
|---|
| 502 | Add an integer and a complex number: |
|---|
| 503 | sage: b = ComplexField().0 + 1.5 |
|---|
| 504 | sage: loads((a+b).dumps()) == a+b |
|---|
| 505 | True |
|---|
| 506 | """ |
|---|
| 507 | if isinstance(x, Integer) and isinstance(y, Integer): |
|---|
| 508 | return x.__add_(y) |
|---|
| 509 | return sage.rings.coerce.bin_op(x, y, operator.add) |
|---|
| 510 | |
|---|
| 511 | def __sub_(Integer self, Integer other): |
|---|
| 512 | cdef Integer x |
|---|
| 513 | x = Integer() |
|---|
| 514 | mpz_sub(x.value, self.value, other.value) |
|---|
| 515 | return x |
|---|
| 516 | |
|---|
| 517 | def __sub__(x, y): |
|---|
| 518 | """ |
|---|
| 519 | EXAMPLES: |
|---|
| 520 | sage: a = Integer(5); b = Integer(3) |
|---|
| 521 | sage: b - a |
|---|
| 522 | -2 |
|---|
| 523 | """ |
|---|
| 524 | if isinstance(x, Integer) and isinstance(y, Integer): |
|---|
| 525 | return x.__sub_(y) |
|---|
| 526 | return sage.rings.coerce.bin_op(x, y, operator.sub) |
|---|
| 527 | |
|---|
| 528 | def __mul_(Integer self, Integer other): |
|---|
| 529 | cdef Integer x |
|---|
| 530 | x = Integer() |
|---|
| 531 | |
|---|
| 532 | _sig_on |
|---|
| 533 | mpz_mul(x.value, self.value, other.value) |
|---|
| 534 | _sig_off |
|---|
| 535 | |
|---|
| 536 | return x |
|---|
| 537 | |
|---|
| 538 | def __mul__(x, y): |
|---|
| 539 | """ |
|---|
| 540 | EXAMPLES: |
|---|
| 541 | sage: a = Integer(3) ; b = Integer(4) |
|---|
| 542 | sage: a * b == 12 |
|---|
| 543 | True |
|---|
| 544 | sage: loads((a * 4.0).dumps()) == a*b |
|---|
| 545 | True |
|---|
| 546 | sage: a * Rational(2)/5 |
|---|
| 547 | 6/5 |
|---|
| 548 | sage: b = ComplexField().0 + 1.5 |
|---|
| 549 | sage: loads((a*b).dumps()) == a*b |
|---|
| 550 | True |
|---|
| 551 | |
|---|
| 552 | sage: list([2,3]) * 4 |
|---|
| 553 | [2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3] |
|---|
| 554 | |
|---|
| 555 | sage: 'sage'*Integer(3) |
|---|
| 556 | 'sagesagesage' |
|---|
| 557 | """ |
|---|
| 558 | if isinstance(x, Integer) and isinstance(y, Integer): |
|---|
| 559 | return x.__mul_(y) |
|---|
| 560 | if isinstance(x, (str, list)): |
|---|
| 561 | return x * int(y) |
|---|
| 562 | return sage.rings.coerce.bin_op(x, y, operator.mul) |
|---|
| 563 | |
|---|
| 564 | def __div_(Integer self, Integer other): |
|---|
| 565 | cdef Integer x |
|---|
| 566 | #if mpz_divisible_p(self.value, other.value): |
|---|
| 567 | # x = Integer() |
|---|
| 568 | # mpz_divexact(x.value, self.value, other.value) |
|---|
| 569 | # return x |
|---|
| 570 | #else: |
|---|
| 571 | return rational.Rational(self)/rational.Rational(other) |
|---|
| 572 | #raise ArithmeticError, "Exact division impossible." |
|---|
| 573 | |
|---|
| 574 | def __div__(x, y): |
|---|
| 575 | """ |
|---|
| 576 | Computes a \over{b} |
|---|
| 577 | |
|---|
| 578 | EXAMPLES: |
|---|
| 579 | sage: a = Integer(3) ; b = Integer(4) |
|---|
| 580 | sage: a / b == Rational(3) / 4 |
|---|
| 581 | True |
|---|
| 582 | sage: Integer(32) / Integer(32) |
|---|
| 583 | 1 |
|---|
| 584 | sage: b = ComplexField().0 + 1.5 |
|---|
| 585 | sage: loads((a/b).dumps()) == a/b |
|---|
| 586 | True |
|---|
| 587 | """ |
|---|
| 588 | if isinstance(x, Integer) and isinstance(y, Integer): |
|---|
| 589 | return x.__div_(y) |
|---|
| 590 | return sage.rings.coerce.bin_op(x, y, operator.div) |
|---|
| 591 | |
|---|
| 592 | def __floordiv(Integer self, Integer other): |
|---|
| 593 | cdef Integer x |
|---|
| 594 | x = Integer() |
|---|
| 595 | |
|---|
| 596 | |
|---|
| 597 | _sig_on |
|---|
| 598 | mpz_fdiv_q(x.value, self.value, other.value) |
|---|
| 599 | _sig_off |
|---|
| 600 | |
|---|
| 601 | return x |
|---|
| 602 | |
|---|
| 603 | |
|---|
| 604 | def __floordiv__(x, y): |
|---|
| 605 | r""" |
|---|
| 606 | Computes the whole part of self \over{other} |
|---|
| 607 | |
|---|
| 608 | EXAMPLES: |
|---|
| 609 | sage: a = Integer(321) ; b = Integer(10) |
|---|
| 610 | sage: a // b |
|---|
| 611 | 32 |
|---|
| 612 | """ |
|---|
| 613 | if isinstance(x, Integer) and isinstance(y, Integer): |
|---|
| 614 | return x.__floordiv(y) |
|---|
| 615 | return sage.rings.coerce.bin_op(x, y, operator.floordiv) |
|---|
| 616 | |
|---|
| 617 | |
|---|
| 618 | def __pow__(self, n, dummy): |
|---|
| 619 | r""" |
|---|
| 620 | Computes $\text{self}^n$ |
|---|
| 621 | |
|---|
| 622 | EXAMPLES: |
|---|
| 623 | sage: 2^-6 |
|---|
| 624 | 1/64 |
|---|
| 625 | sage: 2^6 |
|---|
| 626 | 64 |
|---|
| 627 | sage: 2^0 |
|---|
| 628 | 1 |
|---|
| 629 | sage: 2^-0 |
|---|
| 630 | 1 |
|---|
| 631 | sage: (-1)^(1/3) |
|---|
| 632 | Traceback (most recent call last): |
|---|
| 633 | ... |
|---|
| 634 | TypeError: exponent (=1/3) must be an integer. |
|---|
| 635 | Coerce your numbers to real or complex numbers first. |
|---|
| 636 | """ |
|---|
| 637 | cdef Integer _self, _n |
|---|
| 638 | cdef unsigned int _nval |
|---|
| 639 | if not isinstance(self, Integer): |
|---|
| 640 | return self.__pow__(int(n)) |
|---|
| 641 | try: |
|---|
| 642 | _n = Integer(n) |
|---|
| 643 | except TypeError: |
|---|
| 644 | raise TypeError, "exponent (=%s) must be an integer.\nCoerce your numbers to real or complex numbers first."%n |
|---|
| 645 | if _n < 0: |
|---|
| 646 | return Integer(1)/(self**(-_n)) |
|---|
| 647 | _self = integer(self) |
|---|
| 648 | cdef Integer x |
|---|
| 649 | x = Integer() |
|---|
| 650 | _nval = _n |
|---|
| 651 | |
|---|
| 652 | _sig_on |
|---|
| 653 | mpz_pow_ui(x.value, _self.value, _nval) |
|---|
| 654 | _sig_off |
|---|
| 655 | |
|---|
| 656 | return x |
|---|
| 657 | |
|---|
| 658 | def nth_root(self, int n, int report_exact=0): |
|---|
| 659 | r""" |
|---|
| 660 | Returns the truncated nth root of self. |
|---|
| 661 | |
|---|
| 662 | INPUT: |
|---|
| 663 | n -- integer >= 1 (must fit in C int type) |
|---|
| 664 | report_exact -- boolean, whether to report if the root extraction |
|---|
| 665 | was exact |
|---|
| 666 | |
|---|
| 667 | OUTPUT: |
|---|
| 668 | If report_exact is 0 (default), then returns the truncation of the |
|---|
| 669 | nth root of self (i.e. rounded towards zero). |
|---|
| 670 | |
|---|
| 671 | If report_exact is 1, then returns the nth root and a boolean |
|---|
| 672 | indicating whether the root extraction was exact. |
|---|
| 673 | |
|---|
| 674 | AUTHOR: |
|---|
| 675 | -- David Harvey (2006-09-15) |
|---|
| 676 | |
|---|
| 677 | EXAMPLES: |
|---|
| 678 | sage: Integer(125).nth_root(3) |
|---|
| 679 | 5 |
|---|
| 680 | sage: Integer(124).nth_root(3) |
|---|
| 681 | 4 |
|---|
| 682 | sage: Integer(126).nth_root(3) |
|---|
| 683 | 5 |
|---|
| 684 | |
|---|
| 685 | sage: Integer(-125).nth_root(3) |
|---|
| 686 | -5 |
|---|
| 687 | sage: Integer(-124).nth_root(3) |
|---|
| 688 | -4 |
|---|
| 689 | sage: Integer(-126).nth_root(3) |
|---|
| 690 | -5 |
|---|
| 691 | |
|---|
| 692 | sage: Integer(125).nth_root(2, True) |
|---|
| 693 | (11, False) |
|---|
| 694 | sage: Integer(125).nth_root(3, True) |
|---|
| 695 | (5, True) |
|---|
| 696 | |
|---|
| 697 | sage: Integer(125).nth_root(-5) |
|---|
| 698 | Traceback (most recent call last): |
|---|
| 699 | ... |
|---|
| 700 | ValueError: n (=-5) must be positive |
|---|
| 701 | |
|---|
| 702 | sage: Integer(-25).nth_root(2) |
|---|
| 703 | Traceback (most recent call last): |
|---|
| 704 | ... |
|---|
| 705 | ValueError: cannot take even root of negative number |
|---|
| 706 | |
|---|
| 707 | """ |
|---|
| 708 | if n < 1: |
|---|
| 709 | raise ValueError, "n (=%s) must be positive" % n |
|---|
| 710 | if (self < 0) and not (n & 1): |
|---|
| 711 | raise ValueError, "cannot take even root of negative number" |
|---|
| 712 | cdef Integer x |
|---|
| 713 | cdef int is_exact |
|---|
| 714 | x = Integer() |
|---|
| 715 | _sig_on |
|---|
| 716 | is_exact = mpz_root(x.value, self.value, n) |
|---|
| 717 | _sig_off |
|---|
| 718 | |
|---|
| 719 | if report_exact: |
|---|
| 720 | return x, bool(is_exact) |
|---|
| 721 | else: |
|---|
| 722 | return x |
|---|
| 723 | |
|---|
| 724 | def exact_log(self, m): |
|---|
| 725 | r""" |
|---|
| 726 | Returns the largest integer $k$ such that $m^k \leq \text{self}$. |
|---|
| 727 | |
|---|
| 728 | This is guaranteed to return the correct answer even when the usual |
|---|
| 729 | log function doesn't have sufficient precision. |
|---|
| 730 | |
|---|
| 731 | INPUT: |
|---|
| 732 | m -- integer >= 2 |
|---|
| 733 | |
|---|
| 734 | AUTHOR: |
|---|
| 735 | -- David Harvey (2006-09-15) |
|---|
| 736 | |
|---|
| 737 | TODO: |
|---|
| 738 | -- Currently this is extremely stupid code (although it should |
|---|
| 739 | always work). Someone needs to think about doing this properly |
|---|
| 740 | by estimating errors in the log function etc. |
|---|
| 741 | |
|---|
| 742 | EXAMPLES: |
|---|
| 743 | sage: Integer(125).exact_log(5) |
|---|
| 744 | 3 |
|---|
| 745 | sage: Integer(124).exact_log(5) |
|---|
| 746 | 2 |
|---|
| 747 | sage: Integer(126).exact_log(5) |
|---|
| 748 | 3 |
|---|
| 749 | sage: Integer(3).exact_log(5) |
|---|
| 750 | 0 |
|---|
| 751 | sage: Integer(1).exact_log(5) |
|---|
| 752 | 0 |
|---|
| 753 | |
|---|
| 754 | This is why you don't want to use log(n, m): |
|---|
| 755 | sage: x = 3**10000000 |
|---|
| 756 | sage: log(x, 3) |
|---|
| 757 | 9999999.9999999981 |
|---|
| 758 | sage: log(x + 100000, 3) |
|---|
| 759 | 9999999.9999999981 |
|---|
| 760 | |
|---|
| 761 | sage: x.exact_log(3) |
|---|
| 762 | 10000000 |
|---|
| 763 | sage: (x+1).exact_log(3) |
|---|
| 764 | 10000000 |
|---|
| 765 | sage: (x-1).exact_log(3) |
|---|
| 766 | 9999999 |
|---|
| 767 | |
|---|
| 768 | """ |
|---|
| 769 | if self <= 0: |
|---|
| 770 | raise ValueError, "self must be positive" |
|---|
| 771 | if m < 2: |
|---|
| 772 | raise ValueError, "m must be at least 2" |
|---|
| 773 | |
|---|
| 774 | guess = int(sage.misc.functional.log(self, m)) |
|---|
| 775 | power = m ** guess |
|---|
| 776 | |
|---|
| 777 | while power > self: |
|---|
| 778 | power = power / m |
|---|
| 779 | guess = guess - 1 |
|---|
| 780 | |
|---|
| 781 | if power == self: |
|---|
| 782 | return guess |
|---|
| 783 | |
|---|
| 784 | while power < self: |
|---|
| 785 | power = power * m |
|---|
| 786 | guess = guess + 1 |
|---|
| 787 | |
|---|
| 788 | if power == self: |
|---|
| 789 | return guess |
|---|
| 790 | else: |
|---|
| 791 | return guess - 1 |
|---|
| 792 | |
|---|
| 793 | |
|---|
| 794 | def __pos__(self): |
|---|
| 795 | """ |
|---|
| 796 | EXAMPLES: |
|---|
| 797 | sage: z=43434 |
|---|
| 798 | sage: z.__pos__() |
|---|
| 799 | 43434 |
|---|
| 800 | """ |
|---|
| 801 | return self |
|---|
| 802 | |
|---|
| 803 | def __neg__(self): |
|---|
| 804 | """ |
|---|
| 805 | Computes $-self$ |
|---|
| 806 | |
|---|
| 807 | EXAMPLES: |
|---|
| 808 | sage: z = 32 |
|---|
| 809 | sage: -z |
|---|
| 810 | -32 |
|---|
| 811 | sage: z = 0; -z |
|---|
| 812 | 0 |
|---|
| 813 | sage: z = -0; -z |
|---|
| 814 | 0 |
|---|
| 815 | sage: z = -1; -z |
|---|
| 816 | 1 |
|---|
| 817 | """ |
|---|
| 818 | cdef Integer x |
|---|
| 819 | x = Integer() |
|---|
| 820 | mpz_neg(x.value, self.value) |
|---|
| 821 | return x |
|---|
| 822 | |
|---|
| 823 | def __abs__(self): |
|---|
| 824 | """ |
|---|
| 825 | Computes $|self|$ |
|---|
| 826 | |
|---|
| 827 | EXAMPLES: |
|---|
| 828 | sage: z = -1 |
|---|
| 829 | sage: abs(z) |
|---|
| 830 | 1 |
|---|
| 831 | sage: abs(z) == abs(1) |
|---|
| 832 | True |
|---|
| 833 | """ |
|---|
| 834 | cdef Integer x |
|---|
| 835 | x = Integer() |
|---|
| 836 | mpz_abs(x.value, self.value) |
|---|
| 837 | return x |
|---|
| 838 | |
|---|
| 839 | def __mod__(self, modulus): |
|---|
| 840 | r""" |
|---|
| 841 | Returns \code{self % modulus}. |
|---|
| 842 | |
|---|
| 843 | EXAMPLES: |
|---|
| 844 | sage: z = 43 |
|---|
| 845 | sage: z % 2 |
|---|
| 846 | 1 |
|---|
| 847 | sage: z % 0 |
|---|
| 848 | Traceback (most recent call last): |
|---|
| 849 | ... |
|---|
| 850 | ZeroDivisionError: Integer modulo by zero |
|---|
| 851 | """ |
|---|
| 852 | cdef Integer _modulus, _self |
|---|
| 853 | _modulus = integer(modulus) |
|---|
| 854 | if not _modulus: |
|---|
| 855 | raise ZeroDivisionError, "Integer modulo by zero" |
|---|
| 856 | _self = integer(self) |
|---|
| 857 | |
|---|
| 858 | cdef Integer x |
|---|
| 859 | x = Integer() |
|---|
| 860 | |
|---|
| 861 | _sig_on |
|---|
| 862 | mpz_mod(x.value, _self.value, _modulus.value) |
|---|
| 863 | _sig_off |
|---|
| 864 | |
|---|
| 865 | return x |
|---|
| 866 | |
|---|
| 867 | |
|---|
| 868 | def quo_rem(self, other): |
|---|
| 869 | """ |
|---|
| 870 | Returns the quotient and the remainder of |
|---|
| 871 | self divided by other. |
|---|
| 872 | |
|---|
| 873 | INPUT: |
|---|
| 874 | other -- the integer the divisor |
|---|
| 875 | |
|---|
| 876 | OUTPUT: |
|---|
| 877 | q -- the quotient of self/other |
|---|
| 878 | r -- the remainder of self/other |
|---|
| 879 | |
|---|
| 880 | EXAMPLES: |
|---|
| 881 | sage: z = Integer(231) |
|---|
| 882 | sage: z.quo_rem(2) |
|---|
| 883 | (115, 1) |
|---|
| 884 | sage: z.quo_rem(-2) |
|---|
| 885 | (-115, 1) |
|---|
| 886 | sage: z.quo_rem(0) |
|---|
| 887 | Traceback (most recent call last): |
|---|
| 888 | ... |
|---|
| 889 | ZeroDivisionError: other (=0) must be nonzero |
|---|
| 890 | """ |
|---|
| 891 | cdef Integer _other, _self |
|---|
| 892 | _other = integer(other) |
|---|
| 893 | if not _other: |
|---|
| 894 | raise ZeroDivisionError, "other (=%s) must be nonzero"%other |
|---|
| 895 | _self = integer(self) |
|---|
| 896 | |
|---|
| 897 | cdef Integer q, r |
|---|
| 898 | q = Integer() |
|---|
| 899 | r = Integer() |
|---|
| 900 | |
|---|
| 901 | _sig_on |
|---|
| 902 | mpz_tdiv_qr(q.value, r.value, _self.value, _other.value) |
|---|
| 903 | _sig_off |
|---|
| 904 | |
|---|
| 905 | return q, r |
|---|
| 906 | |
|---|
| 907 | |
|---|
| 908 | |
|---|
| 909 | def powermod(self, exp, mod): |
|---|
| 910 | """ |
|---|
| 911 | Compute self**exp modulo mod. |
|---|
| 912 | |
|---|
| 913 | EXAMPLES: |
|---|
| 914 | sage: z = Integer(2) |
|---|
| 915 | sage: z.powermod(31,31) |
|---|
| 916 | 2 |
|---|
| 917 | sage: z.powermod(0,31) |
|---|
| 918 | 1 |
|---|
| 919 | sage: z.powermod(-31,31) == 2^-31 % 31 |
|---|
| 920 | True |
|---|
| 921 | |
|---|
| 922 | As expected, the following is invalid: |
|---|
| 923 | sage: z.powermod(31,0) |
|---|
| 924 | Traceback (most recent call last): |
|---|
| 925 | ... |
|---|
| 926 | RuntimeError |
|---|
| 927 | """ |
|---|
| 928 | cdef Integer x, _exp, _mod |
|---|
| 929 | _exp = Integer(exp); _mod = Integer(mod) |
|---|
| 930 | x = Integer() |
|---|
| 931 | |
|---|
| 932 | _sig_on |
|---|
| 933 | mpz_powm(x.value, self.value, _exp.value, _mod.value) |
|---|
| 934 | _sig_off |
|---|
| 935 | |
|---|
| 936 | return x |
|---|
| 937 | |
|---|
| 938 | def rational_reconstruction(self, Integer m): |
|---|
| 939 | return rational.pyrex_rational_reconstruction(self, m) |
|---|
| 940 | |
|---|
| 941 | def powermodm_ui(self, exp, mod): |
|---|
| 942 | r""" |
|---|
| 943 | Computes self**exp modulo mod, where exp is an unsigned |
|---|
| 944 | long integer. |
|---|
| 945 | |
|---|
| 946 | EXAMPLES: |
|---|
| 947 | sage: z = 32 |
|---|
| 948 | sage: z.powermodm_ui(2, 4) |
|---|
| 949 | 0 |
|---|
| 950 | sage: z.powermodm_ui(2, 14) |
|---|
| 951 | 2 |
|---|
| 952 | sage: z.powermodm_ui(2^31-1, 14) |
|---|
| 953 | 4 |
|---|
| 954 | sage: z.powermodm_ui(2^31, 14) |
|---|
| 955 | Traceback (most recent call last): # 32-bit |
|---|
| 956 | ... # 32-bit |
|---|
| 957 | OverflowError: exp (=2147483648) must be <= 2147483647 # 32-bit |
|---|
| 958 | 2 # 64-bit |
|---|
| 959 | sage: z.powermodm_ui(2^63, 14) |
|---|
| 960 | Traceback (most recent call last): |
|---|
| 961 | ... |
|---|
| 962 | OverflowError: exp (=9223372036854775808) must be <= 2147483647 # 32-bit |
|---|
| 963 | OverflowError: exp (=9223372036854775808) must be <= 9223372036854775807 # 64-bit |
|---|
| 964 | """ |
|---|
| 965 | if exp < 0: |
|---|
| 966 | raise ValueError, "exp (=%s) must be nonnegative"%exp |
|---|
| 967 | elif exp > sys.maxint: |
|---|
| 968 | raise OverflowError, "exp (=%s) must be <= %s"%(exp, sys.maxint) |
|---|
| 969 | cdef Integer x, _mod |
|---|
| 970 | _mod = Integer(mod) |
|---|
| 971 | x = Integer() |
|---|
| 972 | |
|---|
| 973 | _sig_on |
|---|
| 974 | mpz_powm_ui(x.value, self.value, exp, _mod.value) |
|---|
| 975 | _sig_off |
|---|
| 976 | |
|---|
| 977 | return x |
|---|
| 978 | |
|---|
| 979 | def __int__(self): |
|---|
| 980 | return int(mpz_get_pylong(self.value)) |
|---|
| 981 | |
|---|
| 982 | #cdef char *s |
|---|
| 983 | #s = mpz_get_str(NULL, 32, self.value) |
|---|
| 984 | #n = int(s,32) |
|---|
| 985 | #free(s) |
|---|
| 986 | #return n |
|---|
| 987 | |
|---|
| 988 | def __long__(self): |
|---|
| 989 | return mpz_get_pylong(self.value) |
|---|
| 990 | #cdef char *s |
|---|
| 991 | #s = mpz_get_str(NULL, 32, self.value) |
|---|
| 992 | #n = long(s,32) |
|---|
| 993 | #free(s) |
|---|
| 994 | #return n |
|---|
| 995 | |
|---|
| 996 | def __nonzero__(self): |
|---|
| 997 | return not self.is_zero() |
|---|
| 998 | |
|---|
| 999 | def __float__(self): |
|---|
| 1000 | return mpz_get_d(self.value) |
|---|
| 1001 | |
|---|
| 1002 | def __hash__(self): |
|---|
| 1003 | #return hash(int(self)) |
|---|
| 1004 | return mpz_pythonhash(self.value) |
|---|
| 1005 | |
|---|
| 1006 | #cdef int n |
|---|
| 1007 | #n = mpz_get_si(self.value) |
|---|
| 1008 | #if n == -1: |
|---|
| 1009 | # return -2 # since -1 is not an allowed Python hash for C ext -- it's an error indicator. |
|---|
| 1010 | #return n |
|---|
| 1011 | |
|---|
| 1012 | def factor(self, algorithm='pari'): |
|---|
| 1013 | """ |
|---|
| 1014 | Return the prime factorization of the integer as a list of |
|---|
| 1015 | pairs $(p,e)$, where $p$ is prime and $e$ is a positive integer. |
|---|
| 1016 | |
|---|
| 1017 | INPUT: |
|---|
| 1018 | algorithm -- string |
|---|
| 1019 | * 'pari' -- (default) use the PARI c library |
|---|
| 1020 | * 'kash' -- use KASH computer algebra system (requires |
|---|
| 1021 | the optional kash package be installed) |
|---|
| 1022 | """ |
|---|
| 1023 | return sage.rings.integer_ring.factor(self, algorithm=algorithm) |
|---|
| 1024 | |
|---|
| 1025 | def coprime_integers(self, m): |
|---|
| 1026 | """ |
|---|
| 1027 | Return the positive integers $< m$ that are coprime to self. |
|---|
| 1028 | |
|---|
| 1029 | EXAMPLES: |
|---|
| 1030 | sage: n = 8 |
|---|
| 1031 | sage: n.coprime_integers(8) |
|---|
| 1032 | [1, 3, 5, 7] |
|---|
| 1033 | sage: n.coprime_integers(11) |
|---|
| 1034 | [1, 3, 5, 7, 9] |
|---|
| 1035 | sage: n = 5; n.coprime_integers(10) |
|---|
| 1036 | [1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9] |
|---|
| 1037 | sage: n.coprime_integers(5) |
|---|
| 1038 | [1, 2, 3, 4] |
|---|
| 1039 | sage: n = 99; n.coprime_integers(99) |
|---|
| 1040 | [1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 13, 14, 16, 17, 19, 20, 23, 25, 26, 28, 29, 31, 32, 34, 35, 37, 38, 40, 41, 43, 46, 47, 49, 50, 52, 53, 56, 58, 59, 61, 62, 64, 65, 67, 68, 70, 71, 73, 74, 76, 79, 80, 82, 83, 85, 86, 89, 91, 92, 94, 95, 97, 98] |
|---|
| 1041 | |
|---|
| 1042 | AUTHORS: |
|---|
| 1043 | -- Naqi Jaffery (2006-01-24): examples |
|---|
| 1044 | """ |
|---|
| 1045 | # TODO -- make VASTLY faster |
|---|
| 1046 | v = [] |
|---|
| 1047 | for n in range(1,m): |
|---|
| 1048 | if self.gcd(n) == 1: |
|---|
| 1049 | v.append(Integer(n)) |
|---|
| 1050 | return v |
|---|
| 1051 | |
|---|
| 1052 | def divides(self, n): |
|---|
| 1053 | """ |
|---|
| 1054 | Return True if self divides n. |
|---|
| 1055 | |
|---|
| 1056 | EXAMPLES: |
|---|
| 1057 | sage: Z = IntegerRing() |
|---|
| 1058 | sage: Z(5).divides(Z(10)) |
|---|
| 1059 | True |
|---|
| 1060 | sage: Z(0).divides(Z(5)) |
|---|
| 1061 | False |
|---|
| 1062 | sage: Z(10).divides(Z(5)) |
|---|
| 1063 | False |
|---|
| 1064 | """ |
|---|
| 1065 | cdef int t |
|---|
| 1066 | cdef Integer _n |
|---|
| 1067 | _n = Integer(n) |
|---|
| 1068 | if mpz_cmp_si(self.value, 0) == 0: |
|---|
| 1069 | return bool(mpz_cmp_si(_n.value, 0) == 0) |
|---|
| 1070 | _sig_on |
|---|
| 1071 | t = mpz_divisible_p(_n.value, self.value) |
|---|
| 1072 | _sig_off |
|---|
| 1073 | return bool(t) |
|---|
| 1074 | |
|---|
| 1075 | |
|---|
| 1076 | def valuation(self, p): |
|---|
| 1077 | if self == 0: |
|---|
| 1078 | return sage.rings.infinity.infinity |
|---|
| 1079 | cdef int k |
|---|
| 1080 | k = 0 |
|---|
| 1081 | while self % p == 0: |
|---|
| 1082 | k = k + 1 |
|---|
| 1083 | self = self.__floordiv__(p) |
|---|
| 1084 | return Integer(k) |
|---|
| 1085 | |
|---|
| 1086 | def _lcm(self, Integer n): |
|---|
| 1087 | """ |
|---|
| 1088 | Returns the least common multiple of self and $n$. |
|---|
| 1089 | """ |
|---|
| 1090 | cdef mpz_t x |
|---|
| 1091 | |
|---|
| 1092 | mpz_init(x) |
|---|
| 1093 | |
|---|
| 1094 | _sig_on |
|---|
| 1095 | mpz_lcm(x, self.value, n.value) |
|---|
| 1096 | _sig_off |
|---|
| 1097 | |
|---|
| 1098 | |
|---|
| 1099 | cdef Integer z |
|---|
| 1100 | z = Integer() |
|---|
| 1101 | mpz_set(z.value,x) |
|---|
| 1102 | mpz_clear(x) |
|---|
| 1103 | return z |
|---|
| 1104 | |
|---|
| 1105 | def denominator(self): |
|---|
| 1106 | """ |
|---|
| 1107 | Return the denominator of this integer. |
|---|
| 1108 | |
|---|
| 1109 | EXAMPLES: |
|---|
| 1110 | sage: x = 5 |
|---|
| 1111 | sage: x.denominator() |
|---|
| 1112 | 1 |
|---|
| 1113 | sage: x = 0 |
|---|
| 1114 | sage: x.denominator() |
|---|
| 1115 | 1 |
|---|
| 1116 | """ |
|---|
| 1117 | return ONE |
|---|
| 1118 | |
|---|
| 1119 | def numerator(self): |
|---|
| 1120 | """ |
|---|
| 1121 | Return the numerator of this integer. |
|---|
| 1122 | |
|---|
| 1123 | EXAMPLE: |
|---|
| 1124 | sage: x = 5 |
|---|
| 1125 | sage: x.numerator() |
|---|
| 1126 | 5 |
|---|
| 1127 | |
|---|
| 1128 | sage: x = 0 |
|---|
| 1129 | sage: x.numerator() |
|---|
| 1130 | 0 |
|---|
| 1131 | """ |
|---|
| 1132 | return self |
|---|
| 1133 | |
|---|
| 1134 | def factorial(self): |
|---|
| 1135 | """ |
|---|
| 1136 | Return the factorial $n!=1 \\cdot 2 \\cdot 3 \\cdots n$. |
|---|
| 1137 | Self must fit in an \\code{unsigned long int}. |
|---|
| 1138 | |
|---|
| 1139 | EXAMPLES: |
|---|
| 1140 | """ |
|---|
| 1141 | if self < 0: |
|---|
| 1142 | raise ValueError, "factorial -- self = (%s) must be nonnegative"%self |
|---|
| 1143 | |
|---|
| 1144 | if mpz_cmp_ui(self.value,4294967295) > 0: |
|---|
| 1145 | raise ValueError, "factorial not implemented for n >= 2^32.\nThis is probably OK, since the answer would have billions of digits." |
|---|
| 1146 | |
|---|
| 1147 | cdef unsigned int n |
|---|
| 1148 | n = self |
|---|
| 1149 | |
|---|
| 1150 | cdef mpz_t x |
|---|
| 1151 | cdef Integer z |
|---|
| 1152 | |
|---|
| 1153 | mpz_init(x) |
|---|
| 1154 | |
|---|
| 1155 | _sig_on |
|---|
| 1156 | mpz_fac_ui(x, n) |
|---|
| 1157 | _sig_off |
|---|
| 1158 | |
|---|
| 1159 | z = Integer() |
|---|
| 1160 | set_mpz(z, x) |
|---|
| 1161 | mpz_clear(x) |
|---|
| 1162 | return z |
|---|
| 1163 | |
|---|
| 1164 | def is_one(self): |
|---|
| 1165 | """ |
|---|
| 1166 | Returns \\code{True} if the integers is $1$, otherwise \\code{False}. |
|---|
| 1167 | |
|---|
| 1168 | EXAMPLES: |
|---|
| 1169 | sage: Integer(1).is_one() |
|---|
| 1170 | True |
|---|
| 1171 | sage: Integer(0).is_one() |
|---|
| 1172 | False |
|---|
| 1173 | """ |
|---|
| 1174 | return bool(mpz_cmp_si(self.value, 1) == 0) |
|---|
| 1175 | |
|---|
| 1176 | def is_zero(self): |
|---|
| 1177 | """ |
|---|
| 1178 | Returns \\code{True} if the integers is $0$, otherwise \\code{False}. |
|---|
| 1179 | |
|---|
| 1180 | EXAMPLES: |
|---|
| 1181 | sage: Integer(1).is_zero() |
|---|
| 1182 | False |
|---|
| 1183 | sage: Integer(0).is_zero() |
|---|
| 1184 | True |
|---|
| 1185 | """ |
|---|
| 1186 | return bool(mpz_cmp_si(self.value, 0) == 0) |
|---|
| 1187 | |
|---|
| 1188 | def is_unit(self): |
|---|
| 1189 | """ |
|---|
| 1190 | Returns \\code{true} if this integer is a unit, i.e., 1 or $-1$. |
|---|
| 1191 | """ |
|---|
| 1192 | return bool(mpz_cmp_si(self.value, -1) == 0 or mpz_cmp_si(self.value, 1) == 0) |
|---|
| 1193 | |
|---|
| 1194 | def is_square(self): |
|---|
| 1195 | r""" |
|---|
| 1196 | Returns \code{True} if self is a perfect square |
|---|
| 1197 | |
|---|
| 1198 | EXAMPLES: |
|---|
| 1199 | sage: Integer(4).is_square() |
|---|
| 1200 | True |
|---|
| 1201 | sage: Integer(41).is_square() |
|---|
| 1202 | False |
|---|
| 1203 | """ |
|---|
| 1204 | return bool(self._pari_().issquare()) |
|---|
| 1205 | |
|---|
| 1206 | def is_prime(self): |
|---|
| 1207 | r""" |
|---|
| 1208 | Retuns \code{True} if self is prime |
|---|
| 1209 | |
|---|
| 1210 | EXAMPLES: |
|---|
| 1211 | sage: z = 2^31 - 1 |
|---|
| 1212 | sage: z.is_prime() |
|---|
| 1213 | True |
|---|
| 1214 | sage: z = 2^31 |
|---|
| 1215 | sage: z.is_prime() |
|---|
| 1216 | False |
|---|
| 1217 | """ |
|---|
| 1218 | return bool(self._pari_().isprime()) |
|---|
| 1219 | |
|---|
| 1220 | def square_free_part(self): |
|---|
| 1221 | """ |
|---|
| 1222 | Return the square free part of $x$, i.e., a divisor z such that $x = z y^2$, |
|---|
| 1223 | for a perfect square $y^2$. |
|---|
| 1224 | |
|---|
| 1225 | EXAMPLES: |
|---|
| 1226 | sage: square_free_part(100) |
|---|
| 1227 | 1 |
|---|
| 1228 | sage: square_free_part(12) |
|---|
| 1229 | 3 |
|---|
| 1230 | sage: square_free_part(17*37*37) |
|---|
| 1231 | 17 |
|---|
| 1232 | sage: square_free_part(-17*32) |
|---|
| 1233 | -34 |
|---|
| 1234 | sage: square_free_part(1) |
|---|
| 1235 | 1 |
|---|
| 1236 | sage: square_free_part(-1) |
|---|
| 1237 | -1 |
|---|
| 1238 | sage: square_free_part(-2) |
|---|
| 1239 | -2 |
|---|
| 1240 | sage: square_free_part(-4) |
|---|
| 1241 | -1 |
|---|
| 1242 | """ |
|---|
| 1243 | if self.is_zero(): |
|---|
| 1244 | return self |
|---|
| 1245 | F = self.factor() |
|---|
| 1246 | n = Integer(1) |
|---|
| 1247 | for p, e in F: |
|---|
| 1248 | if e % 2 != 0: |
|---|
| 1249 | n = n * p |
|---|
| 1250 | return n * F.unit() |
|---|
| 1251 | |
|---|
| 1252 | def next_prime(self): |
|---|
| 1253 | r""" |
|---|
| 1254 | Returns the next prime after self |
|---|
| 1255 | |
|---|
| 1256 | EXAMPLES: |
|---|
| 1257 | sage: Integer(100).next_prime() |
|---|
| 1258 | 101 |
|---|
| 1259 | sage: Integer(0).next_prime() |
|---|
| 1260 | 2 |
|---|
| 1261 | sage: Integer(1001).next_prime() |
|---|
| 1262 | 1009 |
|---|
| 1263 | """ |
|---|
| 1264 | return Integer( (self._pari_()+1).nextprime()) |
|---|
| 1265 | |
|---|
| 1266 | def additive_order(self): |
|---|
| 1267 | """ |
|---|
| 1268 | Return the additive order of self. |
|---|
| 1269 | |
|---|
| 1270 | EXAMPLES: |
|---|
| 1271 | sage: ZZ(0).additive_order() |
|---|
| 1272 | 1 |
|---|
| 1273 | sage: ZZ(1).additive_order() |
|---|
| 1274 | Infinity |
|---|
| 1275 | """ |
|---|
| 1276 | import sage.rings.infinity |
|---|
| 1277 | if self.is_zero(): |
|---|
| 1278 | return Integer(1) |
|---|
| 1279 | else: |
|---|
| 1280 | return sage.rings.infinity.infinity |
|---|
| 1281 | |
|---|
| 1282 | def multiplicative_order(self): |
|---|
| 1283 | r""" |
|---|
| 1284 | Return the multiplicative order of self, if self is a unit, or raise |
|---|
| 1285 | \code{ArithmeticError} otherwise. |
|---|
| 1286 | |
|---|
| 1287 | EXAMPLES: |
|---|
| 1288 | sage: ZZ(1).multiplicative_order() |
|---|
| 1289 | 1 |
|---|
| 1290 | sage: ZZ(-1).multiplicative_order() |
|---|
| 1291 | 2 |
|---|
| 1292 | sage: ZZ(0).multiplicative_order() |
|---|
| 1293 | Traceback (most recent call last): |
|---|
| 1294 | ... |
|---|
| 1295 | ArithmeticError: no power of 0 is a unit |
|---|
| 1296 | sage: ZZ(2).multiplicative_order() |
|---|
| 1297 | Traceback (most recent call last): |
|---|
| 1298 | ... |
|---|
| 1299 | ArithmeticError: no power of 2 is a unit |
|---|
| 1300 | """ |
|---|
| 1301 | if mpz_cmp_si(self.value, 1) == 0: |
|---|
| 1302 | return Integer(1) |
|---|
| 1303 | elif mpz_cmp_si(self.value, -1) == 0: |
|---|
| 1304 | return Integer(2) |
|---|
| 1305 | else: |
|---|
| 1306 | raise ArithmeticError, "no power of %s is a unit"%self |
|---|
| 1307 | |
|---|
| 1308 | def is_squarefree(self): |
|---|
| 1309 | """ |
|---|
| 1310 | Returns True if this integer is not divisible by the square of |
|---|
| 1311 | any prime and False otherwise. |
|---|
| 1312 | |
|---|
| 1313 | EXAMPLES: |
|---|
| 1314 | sage: Integer(100).is_squarefree() |
|---|
| 1315 | False |
|---|
| 1316 | sage: Integer(102).is_squarefree() |
|---|
| 1317 | True |
|---|
| 1318 | """ |
|---|
| 1319 | return self._pari_().issquarefree() |
|---|
| 1320 | |
|---|
| 1321 | def _pari_(self): |
|---|
| 1322 | if self._pari is None: |
|---|
| 1323 | # better to do in hex, but I can't figure out |
|---|
| 1324 | # how to input/output a number in hex in PARI!! |
|---|
| 1325 | # TODO: (I could just think carefully about raw bytes and make this all much faster...) |
|---|
| 1326 | self._pari = sage.libs.pari.all.pari(str(self)) |
|---|
| 1327 | return self._pari |
|---|
| 1328 | |
|---|
| 1329 | def _interface_init_(self): |
|---|
| 1330 | return str(self) |
|---|
| 1331 | |
|---|
| 1332 | def parent(self): |
|---|
| 1333 | """ |
|---|
| 1334 | Return the ring $\\Z$ of integers. |
|---|
| 1335 | """ |
|---|
| 1336 | return sage.rings.integer_ring.Z |
|---|
| 1337 | |
|---|
| 1338 | def isqrt(self): |
|---|
| 1339 | """ |
|---|
| 1340 | Returns the integer floor of the square root of self, or raises |
|---|
| 1341 | an \\exception{ValueError} if self is negative. |
|---|
| 1342 | |
|---|
| 1343 | EXAMPLE: |
|---|
| 1344 | sage: a = Integer(5) |
|---|
| 1345 | sage: a.isqrt() |
|---|
| 1346 | 2 |
|---|
| 1347 | |
|---|
| 1348 | sage: Integer(-102).isqrt() |
|---|
| 1349 | Traceback (most recent call last): |
|---|
| 1350 | ... |
|---|
| 1351 | ValueError: square root of negative number not defined. |
|---|
| 1352 | """ |
|---|
| 1353 | if self < 0: |
|---|
| 1354 | raise ValueError, "square root of negative number not defined." |
|---|
| 1355 | cdef Integer x |
|---|
| 1356 | x = Integer() |
|---|
| 1357 | |
|---|
| 1358 | _sig_on |
|---|
| 1359 | mpz_sqrt(x.value, self.value) |
|---|
| 1360 | _sig_off |
|---|
| 1361 | |
|---|
| 1362 | return x |
|---|
| 1363 | |
|---|
| 1364 | def _mpfr_(self, R): |
|---|
| 1365 | return R(self.str(32), 32) |
|---|
| 1366 | |
|---|
| 1367 | |
|---|
| 1368 | def sqrt(self, bits=None): |
|---|
| 1369 | r""" |
|---|
| 1370 | Returns the positive square root of self, possibly as a |
|---|
| 1371 | \emph{a real or complex number} if self is not a perfect |
|---|
| 1372 | integer square. |
|---|
| 1373 | |
|---|
| 1374 | INPUT: |
|---|
| 1375 | bits -- number of bits of precision. |
|---|
| 1376 | If bits is not specified, the number of |
|---|
| 1377 | bits of precision is at least twice the |
|---|
| 1378 | number of bits of self (the precision |
|---|
| 1379 | is always at least 53 bits if not specified). |
|---|
| 1380 | OUTPUT: |
|---|
| 1381 | integer, real number, or complex number. |
|---|
| 1382 | |
|---|
| 1383 | For the guaranteed integer square root of a perfect square |
|---|
| 1384 | (with error checking), use \code{self.square_root()}. |
|---|
| 1385 | |
|---|
| 1386 | EXAMPLE: |
|---|
| 1387 | sage: Z = IntegerRing() |
|---|
| 1388 | sage: Z(4).sqrt() |
|---|
| 1389 | 2 |
|---|
| 1390 | sage: Z(4).sqrt(53) |
|---|
| 1391 | 2.0000000000000000 |
|---|
| 1392 | sage: Z(2).sqrt(53) |
|---|
| 1393 | 1.4142135623730951 |
|---|
| 1394 | sage: Z(2).sqrt(100) |
|---|
| 1395 | 1.4142135623730950488016887242092 |
|---|
| 1396 | sage: n = 39188072418583779289; n.square_root() |
|---|
| 1397 | 6260037733 |
|---|
| 1398 | sage: (100^100).sqrt() |
|---|
| 1399 | 10000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 |
|---|
| 1400 | sage: (-1).sqrt() |
|---|
| 1401 | 1.0000000000000000*I |
|---|
| 1402 | sage: sqrt(-2) |
|---|
| 1403 | 1.4142135623730951*I |
|---|
| 1404 | sage: sqrt(97) |
|---|
| 1405 | 9.8488578017961039 |
|---|
| 1406 | sage: n = 97; n.sqrt(200) |
|---|
| 1407 | 9.8488578017961047217462114149176244816961362874427641717231516 |
|---|
| 1408 | """ |
|---|
| 1409 | if bits is None: |
|---|
| 1410 | try: |
|---|
| 1411 | return self.square_root() |
|---|
| 1412 | except ValueError: |
|---|
| 1413 | pass |
|---|
| 1414 | bits = max(53, 2*(mpz_sizeinbase(self.value, 2)+2)) |
|---|
| 1415 | |
|---|
| 1416 | if self < 0: |
|---|
| 1417 | x = sage.rings.complex_field.ComplexField(bits)(self) |
|---|
| 1418 | return x.sqrt() |
|---|
| 1419 | else: |
|---|
| 1420 | R = mpfr.RealField(bits) |
|---|
| 1421 | return self._mpfr_(R).sqrt() |
|---|
| 1422 | |
|---|
| 1423 | def square_root(self): |
|---|
| 1424 | """ |
|---|
| 1425 | Return the positive integer square root of self, or raises a ValueError |
|---|
| 1426 | if self is not a perfect square. |
|---|
| 1427 | |
|---|
| 1428 | EXAMPLES: |
|---|
| 1429 | sage: Integer(144).square_root() |
|---|
| 1430 | 12 |
|---|
| 1431 | sage: Integer(102).square_root() |
|---|
| 1432 | Traceback (most recent call last): |
|---|
| 1433 | ... |
|---|
| 1434 | ValueError: self (=102) is not a perfect square |
|---|
| 1435 | """ |
|---|
| 1436 | n = self.isqrt() |
|---|
| 1437 | if n * n == self: |
|---|
| 1438 | return n |
|---|
| 1439 | raise ValueError, "self (=%s) is not a perfect square"%self |
|---|
| 1440 | |
|---|
| 1441 | |
|---|
| 1442 | def _xgcd(self, Integer n): |
|---|
| 1443 | """ |
|---|
| 1444 | Return a triple $g, s, t \\in\\Z$ such that |
|---|
| 1445 | $$ |
|---|
| 1446 | g = s \\cdot \\mbox{\\rm self} + t \\cdot n. |
|---|
| 1447 | $$ |
|---|
| 1448 | """ |
|---|
| 1449 | cdef mpz_t g, s, t |
|---|
| 1450 | cdef object g0, s0, t0 |
|---|
| 1451 | |
|---|
| 1452 | mpz_init(g) |
|---|
| 1453 | mpz_init(s) |
|---|
| 1454 | mpz_init(t) |
|---|
| 1455 | |
|---|
| 1456 | _sig_on |
|---|
| 1457 | mpz_gcdext(g, s, t, self.value, n.value) |
|---|
| 1458 | _sig_off |
|---|
| 1459 | |
|---|
| 1460 | g0 = Integer() |
|---|
| 1461 | s0 = Integer() |
|---|
| 1462 | t0 = Integer() |
|---|
| 1463 | set_mpz(g0,g) |
|---|
| 1464 | set_mpz(s0,s) |
|---|
| 1465 | set_mpz(t0,t) |
|---|
| 1466 | mpz_clear(g) |
|---|
| 1467 | mpz_clear(s) |
|---|
| 1468 | mpz_clear(t) |
|---|
| 1469 | return g0, s0, t0 |
|---|
| 1470 | |
|---|
| 1471 | def _lshift(self, unsigned long int n): |
|---|
| 1472 | cdef Integer x |
|---|
| 1473 | x = Integer() |
|---|
| 1474 | |
|---|
| 1475 | _sig_on |
|---|
| 1476 | mpz_mul_2exp(x.value, self.value, n) |
|---|
| 1477 | _sig_off |
|---|
| 1478 | return x |
|---|
| 1479 | |
|---|
| 1480 | def __lshift__(x,y): |
|---|
| 1481 | """ |
|---|
| 1482 | EXAMPLES: |
|---|
| 1483 | sage: 32 << 2 |
|---|
| 1484 | 128 |
|---|
| 1485 | sage: 32 << int(2) |
|---|
| 1486 | 128 |
|---|
| 1487 | sage: int(32) << 2 |
|---|
| 1488 | 128 |
|---|
| 1489 | """ |
|---|
| 1490 | if isinstance(x, Integer) and isinstance(y, (Integer, int, long)): |
|---|
| 1491 | return x._lshift(long(y)) |
|---|
| 1492 | return sage.rings.coerce.bin_op(x, y, operator.lshift) |
|---|
| 1493 | |
|---|
| 1494 | def _rshift(Integer self, unsigned long int n): |
|---|
| 1495 | cdef Integer x |
|---|
| 1496 | x = Integer() |
|---|
| 1497 | _sig_on |
|---|
| 1498 | mpz_fdiv_q_2exp(x.value, self.value, n) |
|---|
| 1499 | _sig_off |
|---|
| 1500 | return x |
|---|
| 1501 | |
|---|
| 1502 | def __rshift__(x, y): |
|---|
| 1503 | """ |
|---|
| 1504 | EXAMPLES: |
|---|
| 1505 | sage: 32 >> 2 |
|---|
| 1506 | 8 |
|---|
| 1507 | sage: 32 >> int(2) |
|---|
| 1508 | 8 |
|---|
| 1509 | sage: int(32) >> 2 |
|---|
| 1510 | 8 |
|---|
| 1511 | """ |
|---|
| 1512 | if isinstance(x, Integer) and isinstance(y, (Integer, int, long)): |
|---|
| 1513 | return x._rshift(long(y)) |
|---|
| 1514 | return sage.rings.coerce.bin_op(x, y, operator.rshift) |
|---|
| 1515 | |
|---|
| 1516 | def _and(Integer self, Integer other): |
|---|
| 1517 | cdef Integer x |
|---|
| 1518 | x = Integer() |
|---|
| 1519 | mpz_and(x.value, self.value, other.value) |
|---|
| 1520 | return x |
|---|
| 1521 | |
|---|
| 1522 | def __and__(x, y): |
|---|
| 1523 | if isinstance(x, Integer) and isinstance(y, Integer): |
|---|
| 1524 | return x._and(y) |
|---|
| 1525 | return sage.rings.coerce.bin_op(x, y, operator.and_) |
|---|
| 1526 | |
|---|
| 1527 | |
|---|
| 1528 | def _or(Integer self, Integer other): |
|---|
| 1529 | cdef Integer x |
|---|
| 1530 | x = Integer() |
|---|
| 1531 | mpz_ior(x.value, self.value, other.value) |
|---|
| 1532 | return x |
|---|
| 1533 | |
|---|
| 1534 | def __or__(x, y): |
|---|
| 1535 | if isinstance(x, Integer) and isinstance(y, Integer): |
|---|
| 1536 | return x._or(y) |
|---|
| 1537 | return sage.rings.coerce.bin_op(x, y, operator.or_) |
|---|
| 1538 | |
|---|
| 1539 | |
|---|
| 1540 | def __invert__(self): |
|---|
| 1541 | """ |
|---|
| 1542 | """ |
|---|
| 1543 | return Integer(1)/self # todo: optimize |
|---|
| 1544 | |
|---|
| 1545 | |
|---|
| 1546 | def inverse_mod(self, n): |
|---|
| 1547 | """ |
|---|
| 1548 | Returns the inverse of self modulo $n$, if this inverse exists. |
|---|
| 1549 | Otherwise, raises a \exception{ZeroDivisionError} exception. |
|---|
| 1550 | |
|---|
| 1551 | INPUT: |
|---|
| 1552 | self -- Integer |
|---|
| 1553 | n -- Integer |
|---|
| 1554 | OUTPUT: |
|---|
| 1555 | x -- Integer such that x*self = 1 (mod m), or |
|---|
| 1556 | raises ZeroDivisionError. |
|---|
| 1557 | IMPLEMENTATION: |
|---|
| 1558 | Call the mpz_invert GMP library function. |
|---|
| 1559 | EXAMPLES: |
|---|
| 1560 | sage: a = Integer(189) |
|---|
| 1561 | sage: a.inverse_mod(10000) |
|---|
| 1562 | 4709 |
|---|
| 1563 | sage: a.inverse_mod(-10000) |
|---|
| 1564 | 4709 |
|---|
| 1565 | sage: a.inverse_mod(1890) |
|---|
| 1566 | Traceback (most recent call last): |
|---|
| 1567 | ... |
|---|
| 1568 | ZeroDivisionError: Inverse does not exist. |
|---|
| 1569 | sage: a = Integer(19)**100000 |
|---|
| 1570 | sage: b = a*a |
|---|
| 1571 | sage: c = a.inverse_mod(b) |
|---|
| 1572 | Traceback (most recent call last): |
|---|
| 1573 | ... |
|---|
| 1574 | ZeroDivisionError: Inverse does not exist. |
|---|
| 1575 | """ |
|---|
| 1576 | cdef mpz_t x |
|---|
| 1577 | cdef object ans |
|---|
| 1578 | cdef int r |
|---|
| 1579 | cdef Integer m |
|---|
| 1580 | m = Integer(n) |
|---|
| 1581 | |
|---|
| 1582 | if m == 1: |
|---|
| 1583 | return Integer(0) |
|---|
| 1584 | |
|---|
| 1585 | mpz_init(x) |
|---|
| 1586 | |
|---|
| 1587 | _sig_on |
|---|
| 1588 | r = mpz_invert(x, self.value, m.value) |
|---|
| 1589 | _sig_off |
|---|
| 1590 | |
|---|
| 1591 | if r == 0: |
|---|
| 1592 | raise ZeroDivisionError, "Inverse does not exist." |
|---|
| 1593 | ans = Integer() |
|---|
| 1594 | set_mpz(ans,x) |
|---|
| 1595 | mpz_clear(x) |
|---|
| 1596 | return ans |
|---|
| 1597 | |
|---|
| 1598 | def _gcd(self, Integer n): |
|---|
| 1599 | """ |
|---|
| 1600 | Return the greatest common divisor of self and $n$. |
|---|
| 1601 | |
|---|
| 1602 | EXAMPLE: |
|---|
| 1603 | sage: gcd(-1,1) |
|---|
| 1604 | 1 |
|---|
| 1605 | sage: gcd(0,1) |
|---|
| 1606 | 1 |
|---|
| 1607 | sage: gcd(0,0) |
|---|
| 1608 | 0 |
|---|
| 1609 | sage: gcd(2,2^6) |
|---|
| 1610 | 2 |
|---|
| 1611 | sage: gcd(21,2^6) |
|---|
| 1612 | 1 |
|---|
| 1613 | """ |
|---|
| 1614 | cdef mpz_t g |
|---|
| 1615 | cdef object g0 |
|---|
| 1616 | |
|---|
| 1617 | mpz_init(g) |
|---|
| 1618 | |
|---|
| 1619 | |
|---|
| 1620 | _sig_on |
|---|
| 1621 | mpz_gcd(g, self.value, n.value) |
|---|
| 1622 | _sig_off |
|---|
| 1623 | |
|---|
| 1624 | g0 = Integer() |
|---|
| 1625 | set_mpz(g0,g) |
|---|
| 1626 | mpz_clear(g) |
|---|
| 1627 | return g0 |
|---|
| 1628 | |
|---|
| 1629 | def crt(self, y, m, n): |
|---|
| 1630 | """ |
|---|
| 1631 | Return the unique integer between $0$ and $mn$ that is |
|---|
| 1632 | congruent to the integer modulo $m$ and to $y$ modulo $n$. We |
|---|
| 1633 | assume that~$m$ and~$n$ are coprime. |
|---|
| 1634 | """ |
|---|
| 1635 | cdef object g, s, t |
|---|
| 1636 | cdef Integer _y, _m, _n |
|---|
| 1637 | _y = Integer(y); _m = Integer(m); _n = Integer(n) |
|---|
| 1638 | g, s, t = _m.xgcd(_n) |
|---|
| 1639 | if not g.is_one(): |
|---|
| 1640 | raise ArithmeticError, "CRT requires that gcd of moduli is 1." |
|---|
| 1641 | # Now s*m + t*n = 1, so the answer is x + (y-x)*s*m, where x=self. |
|---|
| 1642 | return (self + (_y-self)*s*_m) % (_m*_n) |
|---|
| 1643 | |
|---|
| 1644 | def test_bit(self, index): |
|---|
| 1645 | r""" |
|---|
| 1646 | Return the bit at \code{index} |
|---|
| 1647 | |
|---|
| 1648 | EXAMPLES: |
|---|
| 1649 | sage: w = 6 |
|---|
| 1650 | sage: w.str(2) |
|---|
| 1651 | '110' |
|---|
| 1652 | sage: w.test_bit(2) |
|---|
| 1653 | 1 |
|---|
| 1654 | sage: w.test_bit(-1) |
|---|
| 1655 | 0 |
|---|
| 1656 | """ |
|---|
| 1657 | cdef unsigned long int i |
|---|
| 1658 | i = index |
|---|
| 1659 | cdef Integer x |
|---|
| 1660 | x = Integer(self) |
|---|
| 1661 | return mpz_tstbit(x.value, i) |
|---|
| 1662 | |
|---|
| 1663 | |
|---|
| 1664 | ONE = Integer(1) |
|---|
| 1665 | |
|---|
| 1666 | def integer(x): |
|---|
| 1667 | if isinstance(x, Integer): |
|---|
| 1668 | return x |
|---|
| 1669 | return Integer(x) |
|---|
| 1670 | |
|---|
| 1671 | |
|---|
| 1672 | def LCM_list(v): |
|---|
| 1673 | cdef int i, n |
|---|
| 1674 | cdef mpz_t z |
|---|
| 1675 | cdef Integer w |
|---|
| 1676 | |
|---|
| 1677 | n = len(v) |
|---|
| 1678 | |
|---|
| 1679 | if n == 0: |
|---|
| 1680 | return Integer(1) |
|---|
| 1681 | |
|---|
| 1682 | try: |
|---|
| 1683 | w = v[0] |
|---|
| 1684 | mpz_init_set(z, w.value) |
|---|
| 1685 | |
|---|
| 1686 | _sig_on |
|---|
| 1687 | for i from 1 <= i < n: |
|---|
| 1688 | w = v[i] |
|---|
| 1689 | mpz_lcm(z, z, w.value) |
|---|
| 1690 | _sig_off |
|---|
| 1691 | except TypeError: |
|---|
| 1692 | w = Integer(v[0]) |
|---|
| 1693 | mpz_init_set(z, w.value) |
|---|
| 1694 | |
|---|
| 1695 | _sig_on |
|---|
| 1696 | for i from 1 <= i < n: |
|---|
| 1697 | w = Integer(v[i]) |
|---|
| 1698 | mpz_lcm(z, z, w.value) |
|---|
| 1699 | _sig_off |
|---|
| 1700 | |
|---|
| 1701 | |
|---|
| 1702 | w = Integer() |
|---|
| 1703 | mpz_set(w.value, z) |
|---|
| 1704 | mpz_clear(z) |
|---|
| 1705 | return w |
|---|
| 1706 | |
|---|
| 1707 | |
|---|
| 1708 | |
|---|
| 1709 | def GCD_list(v): |
|---|
| 1710 | cdef int i, n |
|---|
| 1711 | cdef mpz_t z |
|---|
| 1712 | cdef Integer w |
|---|
| 1713 | |
|---|
| 1714 | n = len(v) |
|---|
| 1715 | |
|---|
| 1716 | if n == 0: |
|---|
| 1717 | return Integer(1) |
|---|
| 1718 | |
|---|
| 1719 | try: |
|---|
| 1720 | w = v[0] |
|---|
| 1721 | mpz_init_set(z, w.value) |
|---|
| 1722 | |
|---|
| 1723 | _sig_on |
|---|
| 1724 | for i from 1 <= i < n: |
|---|
| 1725 | w = v[i] |
|---|
| 1726 | mpz_gcd(z, z, w.value) |
|---|
| 1727 | if mpz_cmp_si(z, 1) == 0: |
|---|
| 1728 | _sig_off |
|---|
| 1729 | return Integer(1) |
|---|
| 1730 | _sig_off |
|---|
| 1731 | except TypeError: |
|---|
| 1732 | w = Integer(v[0]) |
|---|
| 1733 | mpz_init_set(z, w.value) |
|---|
| 1734 | |
|---|
| 1735 | _sig_on |
|---|
| 1736 | for i from 1 <= i < n: |
|---|
| 1737 | w = Integer(v[i]) |
|---|
| 1738 | mpz_gcd(z, z, w.value) |
|---|
| 1739 | if mpz_cmp_si(z, 1) == 0: |
|---|
| 1740 | _sig_off |
|---|
| 1741 | return Integer(1) |
|---|
| 1742 | _sig_off |
|---|
| 1743 | |
|---|
| 1744 | |
|---|
| 1745 | w = Integer() |
|---|
| 1746 | mpz_set(w.value, z) |
|---|
| 1747 | mpz_clear(z) |
|---|
| 1748 | return w |
|---|